Untitled Flashcards Set

Often Our: Perfection is greater than the sum of our parts

Gestalt: German for “The whole”

Figure-Ground: Determine figure from background

Form Perception: Grouping

Proximity: Perceived groups

Similarity: Shared Visual Characteristics

Continuity: Aligned visual elements believed to be continuous

Connectedness: Similar characteristics being in the same group/unit

Closure: Brain fills in gaps in its perception

Two Eyes: Depth perception is caused by what? 

Convergence: When 2 eyes move inward to see near objects and outward to see faraway objects.

Relative size: If 2 objects are similar in size we perceive the one that casts a smaller retrieval image to be farther away

Interposition: Objects that block other objects are perceived as closer 

Linear perspective: Parallel lines appear to converge in the distance. The more convergence that occurs leads to the object seeming farther away.

Relative motion/motion parallax: objects closer to a fixation point move faster in an opposing direction than objects farther away moving slower. 

Light and shadow: Nearby objects reflect more light into our eyes than most distant objects.

Stroboscopic Motion: Created by rapid series of still pictures

Phi Phenomenon: Apparent motion created by lights flashing in sequence

Autokinetic effect: Imagining the movement of still objects in a dark room.

Perceptual constancy: Ability to recognize objects without being deceived by changes in their shape, size, brightness, or color even as illumination and retrieval images change.

Size Constancy: We perceive objects having a constant size even if projected image appears to change size

Ponzo illusion: Objects appear different in size even though they are the same size

Light/Brightness constancy: We perceive objects as having constant lightness even its illumination varies 

Relative illuminance: Amount of light an object reflects 

Dotal stimulus: Actual object “out there” in the world

Proximal stimulus: Representation of objects in proximity 

Sensory deprivation: The lack of a particular sense, this can lead to hallucination developments

Perceptual set: Bias to perceive certain aspects of available sensory data and ignore others 

Schema: Used to organize and interpret unfamiliar information

Context effect: How you perceive things

Motivation effects perception: Biases the interpretation of a neutral stimuli

Social schema: Mental representation of a group of people 

Object schema: Ideas on pencils

Self-schema: Ideas of yourself. Main schema affects how you see yourself. 

Problems: All configurations of a solution

Algorithm: set of rules that always leads to the correct solution. An example of this is rock/hill climbing

Heuristic: Rule of thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently 

Working backwards: At the solution and working back 

Mental set: Tendency to problem solve in specific  wats

Functional fixedness: Thinking of things only as their usual thing

Insight: Sudden realization of a solution

Confirmation bias: looking for answers only for their opinions 

Fixation: Inability to see a problem from a new perspective 

Heuristic representative: Shortcuts that are determined by how well things represent and work 

Availability Heuristic: Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory 

Belief Bias: Tendency for preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning. 

Belief perseverance: Clinging to your initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed is now wrong. 

Cognitive dissonance: Actions contradicts beliefs

Framing: The way something is presented changes how you view it

Inductive logical thinking: observation start → Observe pattern → develop theory 

Deductive logical thinking: 1. Start with theory 2. Formulate hypothesis on theory 3. Collect data to test hypothesis 4. Analyze results 

Predicate thinking: Illogical error in logical thinking 

Overgeneralization: Jumping to conclusions without examples

False analogy: Comparison of 2 things that are similar in one way but not the other 

Appeal to Authority: weak reference for authority figures (Bad Authority) 

Attack on character (Ad Hominem): Logical argument that gets personal

Converging: Come together 

Diverging: Split 

Memory: Easily malleable and manipulated 

Confabulation: Miss-Remembering things.

Types of confabulation: Social pressure, Some parts are true and easily imaginable, repetitive claiming its true

Tip of the tongue phenomenon: Cannot initially recall the item, but the description or similarities letter it starts with, syllables, rhymes with etc….

Encoding error: Error that occurs while recalling/making a memory (being distracted) 

Short term memory: Processes information we are currently thinking about. 30 seconds short-term and is fleeting 

Long term memory: Memories that are more solid. Moves with repetition.

Von-Restorff effect: Word stands out from other words on the list.

Serial position effect: Where a word falls in a list can determine how its remembered 

Primacy effect: Words at the end of a list are more likely to be remembered 

Recency effect: Words at the end of a list are more likely to be remembered

Fatigue effect: The longer the list is, the less likely a person wants to remember it

Constructive memory: You imagine a word was in the list 

Von Restorff effect: When one word is so different from the rest of the word it is less likely to be forgotten

Rehearsal effect: The more likely you rehearse something the more likely you remember it

Encoding: The information gets into our brains in a way that allows it to be stored. Putting stuff in there. Visual, Acoustic, semantic

Storage: The information is held in a way that allows it to later be retrieved 

Retrieval: Activating and recalling information, producing it in a form similar to what was encoded

Declarative memory: explicitly memory, trying to make the memory conscious and intentional.

Working memory: Short term system, store and process limited amounts of information. 15-30 seconds 

Executive functioning: Able to follow instructions more easily, converts short term memory to long term. 

Episodic Memory: experiences, specific events, autobiographical events (time, places, emotions) see ourselves as actors.

Semantic memory: Facts, meanings, concepts, knowledge about the external world. Independent of personal experience.

Nondeclaritve/implicit memory: riding a bike, brushing hair, driving car, using similar verbal patterns as friends, classical conditioning

Priming: Non-declarative system. Automatic or unconscious processing. 

Repetition priming: Faster reading forwards when you’ve already read it (Recently)

Procedural memory: Motor Memory, playing piano, typing, hitting a tennis ball, driving a car. 

Classical conditioning: Associations between two stimuli

Episodic Memory: Effected by age 

Sensory memory: Very brief, stores a record of info from receptor cells, iconic memory, echoic, capacity is large

Chunking: Organize into familiar or manageable units/chunks

Central/executive functioning: Following directions. Current/working memory

Phonological loop: When you repeat things over and over in your mind. A buffer. 

Visuospatial sketchpad: Visual and spatial memory

Shallow processing/maintenance rehearsal: Focus on physical features and not meaning. Repetition

Deep processing/elaborative rehearsal: Focus on meaning, associations between old and new, elaborate connections, related to survival, self-referent effect 

Timing of practice: Cramming vs. 10 day long hour studying 

Pollyanna principle: The idea that you remember positives more than negative 

Rosy Retrospection: Rose colored lens on past experiences. The farther away, the better you remember it. 

Testing effect: testing yourself if you are more likely to remember.

Self reference effect: Remembering things in relationship to yourself, the easier and more likely you are to remember it. 

Peg word system: Organizing words in a way like a peg and a rhyming word. 

Method of loci: Location (memory palace) (bacon on the foyer floor, plums on the table, milk in the shoe) 

Generation effect: Generating your own study guide/mnemonic, you are more likely to remember it. 

Encoding failure: Distractions, not paying attention, competing stimuli

PORN: Proactive, Old interferes with new, Retroactive, New interferes with old 

Fan effect: A number of memories associated with one queue. (leads to forgetfulness) 

Retrieval-induced forgetting: Focusing on just one thing, leads to forgetting others

Encoding specificity: remembering things easier if you do it in the same spot.

Context effects: Context for when you encode is the same for context for retrieval leads to you remembering things easier. 

State dependent memory: When you encode something in a particular state. When you return to that state, you are more likely to remember it. 

Encoding depends on: Past, expectations, priorities, current demands, etc…

Autobiographical memory: High likelihood of remembering something cultural, personal or political between the ages of 15-30. (if you were 17 during 9/11 you remember it better than someone who was 45) 

Permastore: Remembering things forever (kindergarten class faces and names) 

Prospective memory: You have to do something in your shoes. Monitoring, Spontaneous, Time-based, even-based