DTU BIO 5 - Microbiology

Exam questions

• Do all niches on the planet harbour microorganisms?

  • Yes its errywhere except like in lava deep under the ground.

•  Name three groups of microorganisms

  • Viruses, Prokatyotes, Eukatyotes

•  How do bacteria proliferate?

  • Bacteria multiply by binary fission into two daughter cells

•  How is bacterial growth rate calculated

  • Rate of cell production / cell abundance

•  What do bacteria and archae have in common (as opposed to eukaryotes)

  • They are both Prokaryotes.

•  How can CO2 absorption of the ocean be facilitated?

  • By increase in Iron levels in the ocean, causing algae growth, Emiliania.

•  What are (som of the) adverse effects of microorganisms?

  • Illness, food spoil, material corrosion.

•  Name some (biotechnological) uses of microorganisms

  • Food and medicine

  • Fertilizer

  • Cell factories

  • Poop transplantation

•  What is meant by synthetic biology?

  • Cell factories. Using microbes to make e.g. medicine.

  • Making enzymes.

•  How can one determine the abundance of microorganisms in a niche?

•  How can one determine the functions of microorganisms in a niche?’

•  How do bacteria evolve (so rapidly)?

•  What is the advantage of heterogeneity in a microbial population?

  • Higher likelyhood of survival if they are diverse.

•  Why can rRNA gene be used as a phylogenetic marker of all life?

•  Name one disadvantage and one advantage of bacterial biofilms

  • Protection in teeth emalje, corrosion on steel pillars in the ocean.

•  Why do bacteria become antibiotic resistant?

  • The gene has always existied. It does it to survive

•  How and where can new antibiotics be discovered?

  • In microorganisms. And using AI simulation. In funghi

 - Do all niches on the planet harbour microorganisms?

 Yes, besically all places on Earth, there are microorganisms that have developed a way of living there.

 - Name three groups of microorganisms

 Viruses

 Prokaryotes

    Bacteria, Archaea

 Eukaryotes

    Fungi (mold, yeast)

    Algae

    Protozoa

    Slime molds

    (protists = numerous microbial

       eukaryotes)

 - How do bacteria proliferate?

 They split in two and distribute the same genes in both.

 - How is bacterial growth rate calculated?

 $N(t) = N_0 \cdot e^{\mu(t-t_0)}$

 - What do bacteria and archae have in common (as opposed to eukaryotes)?

 They are prokaryotes and do not have a cell kernel.

 - How can CO2 absorption of the ocean be facilitated?

 Emiliania Huxleyi, algae, Autotrophic, CO2 as carbon-source, can store CO2 from the atmosphere.

  - What are (some of the) adverse effects of microorganisms?

They can stick to surfaces and form biofilms, which can be very disturbing. They can also cause diseases.

   - Name some (biotechnological) uses of microorganisms

They can produce enzymes if given a gene.

   - What is meant by synthetic biology?- How can one determine the abundance of microorganisms in a niche?

   - How can one determine the functions of microorganisms in a niche?

   - How do bacteria evolve (so rapidly)?

They evolve exponentionally, and some of the generation times are very short.

   - What is the advantage of heterogeneity in a microbial population?

   - Why can rRNA gene be used as a phylogenetic marker of all life?

The same ribosomes are found in all different living organisms.

   - Name one disadvantage and one advantage of bacterial biofilms

Advantage: Water treatment / activated sludge = biofilms, Gut microbiome = biofilms, Plant protective bacteria = biofilms, Biofilm based (industrial) fermentations

   - Why do bacteria become antibiotic resistant?

The ones that get mutations that resist the antibiotics will survive, thereby being the majority of the next generation.

   - How and where can new antibiotics be discovered?