AR Quiz 3

Articles of Confederation – First U.S. government, weak central authority, replaced by Constitution.
Reasons for the Constitutional Convention – Weak Articles led to instability (e.g., Shay’s Rebellion), needed stronger federal government.
Protections against excess democracy – Electoral College, Senate (originally not directly elected), checks and balances.
Large-State Plan (Virginia Plan) – Proposed proportional representation in Congress favoring large states.
Laggard States in Ratifying the Constitution – Rhode Island, North Carolina, and others hesitated due to fears of strong federal power.
Federalist Papers – Essays by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay supporting Constitution’s ratification.

Federalist Party – Led by Hamilton, favored strong central government, national bank, and close ties to Britain.
Anti-Federalists – Opposed strong federal government, demanded Bill of Rights.
Democratic-Republicans – Led by Jefferson, favored states’ rights and agrarian society, opposed Federalists.
Hamilton vs. Jefferson – Hamilton: strong federal government, industry, national bank. Jefferson: states’ rights, agriculture, opposed national bank.

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) – Federalist laws restricting speech against the government and targeting immigrants.
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions – Jefferson and Madison’s response to Alien and Sedition Acts; promoted states' rights to nullify federal laws.
Judiciary Act of 1801 – Midnight appointments by Adams to secure Federalist control in courts before Jefferson took office.
Revolution of 1800 – Peaceful transfer of power from Federalists to Democratic-Republicans (Jefferson’s election).
Washington’s Farewell Address – Warned against political parties and foreign alliances.
Whiskey Rebellion (1794) – Farmers protested Hamilton’s tax on whiskey; Washington’s response showed federal strength.

Marbury v. Madison (1803) – Established judicial review, allowing courts to declare laws unconstitutional.
Northwest Ordinance of 1787 – Set rules for new states, banned slavery in Northwest Territory.

Fourth Amendment – Protects against unreasonable searches and seizures.
Fifth Amendment – Protects against self-incrimination, double jeopardy, and guarantees due process.
Sixth Amendment – Right to a speedy trial, legal counsel, and fair jury.
Tenth Amendment – Powers not given to federal government are reserved for states.

Farmers' revolt over taxes and debt; exposed weaknesses of Articles of Confederation, leading to Constitutional Convention.