Overview of the Great Mosque of Kairan

• One of the earliest extant mosques, built in the 9th century.

• Located in Kairan, present-day Tunisia.

• Exemplifies early mosque architecture during Islam's expansion (7th-9th centuries).

Historical Context

• Early mosques were modeled after the Prophet Mohammed's home in Medina, the first mosque.

• Reflects the Islamic expansion across the Middle East, North Africa, and into Spain during the 9th century under Umayyad rule.

• Illustrated on maps of Islamic conquests.

Function and Design of Mosques

• Purpose: Communal worship, especially on Fridays and holidays.

• Mosques designed to accommodate the growing number of worshipers, evolving in size and architectural style over time.

Architectural Characteristics of the Great Mosque of Kairan

Hippo Style Plan

• Utilizes a large hall supported by numerous aisles of columns.

• Enables expansion to accommodate more worshipers simply by adding columns.

Key Architectural Elements

• Courtyard: Separates everyday areas from sacred ones; allows preparation for prayer (washing and shoe removal); often includes a water source.

• Minaret: Tall tower for calling Muslims to prayer; symbolizes the presence of Islam in the city.

• Prayer Hall: Central communal space where rows of arches and columns facilitate worship, organized facing the Qibla wall.

• Qibla Wall: Indicates direction of Mecca; contains significant features:

  • Mihrab: Niche indicating the Qibla; decorated, often with Quranic verses; serves as a symbolic gateway to Mecca and paradise.

  • Minbar: Raised platform for the imam to deliver sermons; intricately decorated.

Decorative Elements and Materials

• Mihrab decor includes:

  • Materials: Gold, marble, stone; influences from Islamic, Persian, Byzantine, and classical art.

  • Patterns: Utilize floral, geometric designs typical of Islamic art; specifically include vines and other nature motifs.

• Capitals on columns display inspiration from Roman architecture.

Artistic Influences and Symbolism

• The design and decorative elements of the mihrab reflect the cultural exchange and artistic traditions from regions conquered by the Umayyad rulers. For instance:

  • Marble from Syria, tiles from Baghdad.

• The mihrab's dome symbolizes connection to Mecca and the heavens, reinforcing its sacred importance to worshipers.