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[晚上7:32, 2024年5月2日] Heison: E. Cultural Legacy of the Islamic Civilisation

1. Language and Writing System

A lot of European and Asian vocabularies derived from Arabic, like

alcohol

(al-kohl)and

algebra

(al-jabr).

2. Philosophy

The Islamic civilisation led to the rise of ideas of:

rationalism

(opinions and actions based on reasons and

knowledge),

secularism

(free from religious influence); and

empiricism

(conclusion based on observation and research).

3. Literature

The

Book of Kings

and

One thousand

and One Nights

were Arabian classics and were

translated

into

different

languages.

4. Painting

“Arabesques” which consisted of infinitely repeated and

extensible

geometric

patterns, are symbolic

Islamic decorative style,

due to the avoidance of

painting human figures

and animals.

5. Architecture

Characterised by

Greco-Roman

domes and arches,

the mosques were decorated with colored

bricks

and

arabesques

6. Mathematics

Muslims learned the concept of“

0”from ancient India, and

developed“ Arabic

numerals

They studied ancient Greek

geometry

and proposed theories of

trigonometry

Muslim scholars also

promoted

algebra

and the

demical numeral system

7. Alchemy and chemistry

The Islamic scholars used

scientific

methods

in

alchemy,

including

experiment

and

analysis

These

fostered

the

development of alchemy in

Europe and laid the

foundation

of early

chemistry in Europe.

[晚上7:37, 2024年5月2日] Heison: 7. Medicine

Islamic scholars combined

Greco-Roman

medicine with

Persian

and

Indian

theories.

Muslims set up the earliest hospitals in the world. Islamic doctors

used

opium

as anaesthetic and

alcohol

as

disinfectant in surgery.

European scholars translated Ibn Sina's the Canon of Medicine into

Latin in the 12th century.

The

Book of the

Pharmacists

was published

in the 15th century to classify

drugs

This book was based

on Ibn al Baitar's the Book of Medicinal and Nutritional Terms.

8. Astronomy

Islamic scholars invented astrolabe' and quadrant2.

The most advanced

observatory

in medieval times were set up in

Baghdad

The time for worship and the

Islamic calender

were

determined by astronomy.

They were based on ancient Greek and Persian astronomy,and the

Muslims'observations on

star movement

Geography

AI-Biruni used

mathematics

to tell geographical locations.

Al-Idrisi divided the worldinto different parts, and recorded the

history

geography

produets

and

customs

of countries.

The European improved

navigating

technologies based on

Muslim knowledge. This led to the

Voyages of Discorery

in the 15th century.