exam 3 n4 music

🎼 Romantic Era — Extracted Text

• Program music — depicts something

• Lieder — German song; voice & piano

• Etude — study

• Nocturne — slow, lyrical, intimate

• Mazurka — Polish folk dance

• Symphonic Poem — descriptive one-movement orchestral work; Liszt

• Idee fixe — recurring theme

• Leitmotif — musical phrase that represents something

• Gesamtkunstwerk — total artwork

• Impressionism — tone colors & atmosphere/exotic scales/extended chords/obscured meter & rhythm

• Franz Schubert — 600 lieder

• Robert Schumann — co-founded music journal; promoted Brahms; insane asylum

• Frederic Chopin — nationalist Polish composer

• Franz Liszt — created symphonic poem, recital, masterclass

• Johannes Brahms — musically conservative German composer

• Hector Berlioz — idée fixe, master of orchestration; conductor

• Musical innovations in Wagner’s Ring Cycle?
  Leitmotifs, new opera format, expanded brass

🎼 20th Century — Extracted Text

• Expressionism — unconventional, distorted, dissonant

• Sprechstimme — expressionist speech-like singing

• Atonality — no key

• Neo-classicism — modern based on classical & baroque

• Polytonality — multiple keys

• Aleatoric music — elements left up to chance

• Prepared piano — objects on/between strings

• Musique concrète — tape-recorded sounds

• Minimalism — repeated fragments

• Arnold Schoenberg — Father of 12 Tone

• Igor Stravinsky — Russian nationalism, neoclassicism, atonality

• William Grant Still — African-American composer with many firsts

• John Cage — avant-garde; prepared piano; aleatoric

• Philip Glass — leading minimalist