Respiratory

___I___1.  Space between the lungs that contains the heart, great vessels, and esophagus

___A___2. Substance secreted by type II alveolar cells that helps keep alveoli from collapsing

___H___3. What goblet cells in the bronchi secrete

___E___4. A measure of distensibility

___F___5. The structures that participate in gas exchange

___G___6. Membrane attached to the external side of the lungs

___B___7. Where the bronchi and pulmonary vessels enter the lungs

___C___8. Fibers that give lung tissue its elasticity

___G___9. Where the trachea divides into the two main bronchi

A. Surfactant

B. Hila

C. Elastin

D. Carina

E. Compliance

F. Acinus

G. Pleura

H. Mucus

I. Mediastinum

___B___10. Prevent airway collapse

____D__11. Filter and humidify inspired air

___A___12. Prevent lung collapse at end-exhalation

___C___13. Allow pressure to equalize between adjacent alveoli

A. Surfactant

B. Cartilage rings

C. Pores of Kohn

D. Nasopharynx

14. The left lobe of the lung has (two, three) lobes; the right lobe of the lung has (two, three) lobes.

15. Stimulation of the carina often causes (inhalation, coughing).

16. The pulmonary circulation has (lower, higher) pressure and resistance than the systemic circulation.

17. Pulmonary (arteries, veins) are spaced randomly throughout the lungs, but the pulmonary (arteries, veins) run beside the branches of the airways.

18. Pulmonary veins carry (oxygenated, deoxygenated) blood and are attached to the (right, left) atrium.

19. The neurons that control respiration are located in the (basal ganglia, brainstem).

20. Parasympathetic stimulation causes airways to (dilate, constrict); sympathetic stimulation causes airways to (dilate, constrict).

21. The (internal, external) intercostal muscles are active during vigorous inspiration.

22. Spirometry is used to measure (Sao2, FEV1); oximetry is used to measure (Sao2, FEV1).

23. Changes in the normal (microbiota, alveolar density) in the lung are associated with tobacco smoking, corticosteroids, antibiotics, and many respiratory diseases.

24.  The nasopharynx and oropharynx are the ____UPPER____ airway.

25. The mononuclear phagocytic cells in the lungs are called alveolar ___MACROPHAGES____.

26. The structures that comprise the acinus are the RESPIRATORY___ bronchioles, the ALVEOLAR___ ducts, and the ALVEOLI_.

27. Gas exchange occurs across the ALVEOCAPILLARY_ membrane.

28. Receptors in the conducting airways that initiate the cough reflex in response to inhaled dust are called ___IRRITANT____ receptors.

29. During inspiration, the diaphragm moves DOWNWARD__, which ___INCREASES___ the volume of the thoracic cavity, creating ___NEGATIVE____ pressure that draws air into the lungs.

30. Normal lung tissue returns to its resting state after inspiration because it has ELASTIC__ recoil.

31. Lungs that are fibrotic and stiff have DECREASED___ compliance, which INCREASES__ the work of breathing, thus ___INCREASING__ oxygen demand.

32. Blood gas analysis in a healthy older adult is most likely to show a decrease in ____PaO2_____.

___D__33. Presence of pus in the pleural cavity

____E__34. Collapse of alveoli

___A___35. Bluish discoloration of the skin caused by desaturation of hemoglobin

___B___36. PaO2 below normal

___C___37. Coughing up bloody mucus

___F___38. Passage of fluid and/or solid particles into the lungs

A. Cyanosis

B. Hypoxemia

C. Hemoptysis

D. Empyema

E. Atelectasis

F. Aspiration

39.  Hyperventilation decreases the (PaCO2, PaO2).

40. Presence of fluid in the pleural space is called pleural (edema, effusion).

41. Severe kyphoscoliosis causes (increased, decreased) chest wall compliance.

42. Persons who have difficulty (coughing, swallowing) have increased risk for aspiration; aspiration of gastric acid is most likely to cause (bronchiolitis, pneumonitis).

43. A person who has pulmonary edema will have (resonance, dullness) to percussion over the lung bases, inspiratory (wheezing, crackles), and with severe pulmonary edema, (foul-smelling, pink frothy) sputum.

44. Processes that increase capillary permeability can cause (exudative, transudative) pleural effusion, but processes that increase capillary hydrostatic pressure can cause (exudative, transudative) pleural effusion.

45. Clinical manifestations of bronchiolitis include tachypnea, (productive, nonproductive) cough, use of accessory muscles, (low-grade, high) fever, and hypoxemia.

46. Silicosis is a(n) (obstructive, restrictive) respiratory disease; asthma is a(n) (obstructive, restrictive) respiratory disease.

47. People who have obstructive respiratory disorders have the most difficulty with (inspiration, expiration).

48. Clubbing of the fingers is a response to (acute, chronic) hypoxemia.

49. The most common cause of lung cancer is (poor nutrition, cigarette smoking); early lung cancer has (vague, obvious) signs and symptoms.

50. Severe asthma that is not controlled by bronchodilators and maintenance medications may be managed with (mucolytics, biologics).

51. Waking up suddenly with dyspnea during the night and needing to sit upright or stand to breathe is called PAROXYSMAL__ ____NOCTURNAL___ ___DYSPMEA____.

52. Rib fractures that disrupt the mechanics of breathing can cause a portion of the chest wall to collapse INWARD_ during inspiration, an acute condition known as ___FLAIL__ chest.

53. A person who has pneumothorax has ___AIR____ in the pleural space.

54. A person who has ___BRONCHIECTASIS___ has persistent abnormal dilations of the bronchi and a chronic cough that produces large amounts of purulent ___SPUTUM_____.

55. Pulmonary fibrosis is an excessive amount of CONNECTIVE (or FIBROTIC) __ tissue in the lungs and causes ___DECREASED___ lung compliance.

56. In asthma, long-term airway damage that is irreversible is known as airway REMODELING___.

57. During an acute asthma episode, inflammatory mediators cause inflammation, hypersecretion of ___MUCUS___, and bronchial smooth muscle CONSTRICTION__.

58. An asthma episode that does not resolve with usual treatment is called ___STATUS____ ASMATICUS_.

59. Genetic deficiency of __________  α1- ____ _____ antitrypsin ____ causes early-onset emphysema because this enzyme normally inhibits the action of ____PROTEOLYTIC____ _____ENZYMES___ that can destroy lung tissue.

60. The two disorders known as COPD are emphysema and ___CHRONIC____ ____BRONCHITIS___; this latter condition is characterized by persistent hypersecretion of ___MUCUS____ and chronic ____PRODUCTIVE__ cough.

61. Clinical manifestations of emphysema include ___BARREL___ chest and ____DYSPNEA___ on exertion and eventually at rest.

62. Cor pulmonale is ____RIGHT___ventricular enlargement caused by chronic pulmonary HYPERTENSION_.

63. Laryngeal cancer is characterized by progressive HOARSENESS__.

64. Primary lung cancer arising from cells that line the airways is called bronchogenic __ ____ carcinoma ; small cell carcinoma in the lung often produces ectopic HORMONES____.

____C__65. Alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing with apnea episodes

___E___63. Increased ventilatory rate, small tidal volume

____D__64. Rhythmic and effortless with normal tidal volume

___B___65. Irregular, quick inspirations with an expiratory pause

___F___66. Increased ventilatory rate, small tidal volume, increased effort, prolonged expiration, wheezing

____A__67. Increased ventilatory rate, very large tidal volume, no expiratory pause

A. Kussmaul

B. Gasping

C. Cheyne-Stokes

D. Eupnea

E. Restricted

F. Obstructed

___D___68. Infection and inflammation in the terminal airways and alveoli

___C___69. Runny nose

___A___70. Harsh vibratory sound caused by turbulent airflow through a partially obstructed upper airway

____B__71. Localized swelling involving the deep subcutaneous tissue

____F__72. Acute laryngotracheitis seen in young children

____E__73. Viral lower respiratory tract infection seen in infants and young toddlers

A. Stridor

B. Angioedema

C. Rhinorrhea

D. Pneumonia

E. Bronchiolitis

F. Croup

74. Premature infants are likely to develop (ischemia, atelectasis) due to underdeveloped alveoli and lack of (surfactant, capillaries).

75. A neonate's chest wall tends to (collapse inward, bulge outward) with increased respiratory effort because it is highly (calcified, compliant).

76. The cough associated with croup is a (productive, barking) cough.

77. Acute epiglottitis classically is a (viral, bacterial) infection that most commonly occurs in children aged (2 to 6, 6 to 12) years who have not been vaccinated against H. influenzae type B.

78. A child who has laryngomalacia will have partial airway obstruction during (inspiration, expiration).

79. Peritonsillar abscess usually is (unilateral, bilateral) and is a complication of (tonsillitis, infectious mononucleosis).

80. Pneumonia in young children usually is a (viral, bacterial) infection.

81. Pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma is known as (bacterial, atypical) pneumonia and usually is (not, very) severe.

Write the type of disorder beside each name. Choices: upper airway infection, upper airway congenital (UACM) malformation, lower airway infection.

Upper airway infection 82. Tonsillitis

Lower airway infection _83. Bronchiolitis

Upper airway infection 84. Bacterial tracheitis

Lower airway infection _85. Pneumonia

_____UACM____86. Subglottic stenosis

Upper airway infection 87. Retropharyngeal abscess

Upper airway infection 88. Croup

Upper airway infection _89. Peritonsillar abscess