Unit 5

Market Revolution​ ~ a period in the United States where the economy drastically shifted from a primarily agrarian society to a more industrialized, market-based system, driven by technological advancements in transportation, communication, and manufacturing

Era of Good Feelings​ ~ a period during the presidency of James Monroe, marked by a sense of national unity and a decline in partisan political strife which represented a time of relative political harmony and focus on national projects after a period of significant political division

Toll roads (turnpikes)​ ~ a public or private road where drivers are required to pay a fee (or toll) to use it which allowed for the development of better-quality roads beyond what could be funded solely through public taxes

Erie Canal​ ~ man-made waterway built in the United States, connecting Lake Erie to the Hudson River, which ultimately allowed access to the Atlantic Ocean via New York City which facilitated trade and westward expansion by reducing transport costs

Cotton gin​ ~ a machine that separated cotton fibers from the seeds of the cotton plant which revolutionized the production of cotton by greatly speeding up the process of removing seeds from cotton fiber

Manifest Destiny​ ~ belief that the United States was divinely ordained to expand its territory across the entire North American continent which justified westward expansion

Second Great Awakening​ ~ a significant religious revival movement, marked by passionate preaching and large camp meetings, which led to a surge in church membership and inspired various social reform movements

Temperance​ ~ ban on the consumption of alcohol

Abolitionism​ ~ a social reform movement that sought to end slavery in the United States

Colonization​ ~ emancipating slaves but shipping them back to Africa

Gag rule​ ~ a significant attempt by pro-slavery forces to suppress the growing abolitionist movement by limiting free speech and the right to petition the government on the issue of slavery

Uncle Tom’s Cabin​ ~ an anti-slavery novel that significantly influenced public opinion against slavery, contributing to the growing abolitionist movement and ultimately helping to lay the groundwork for the Civil War

Seneca Falls Convention​ ~ first women’s rights convention

Monroe Doctrine​ ~ written by John Quincy Adams to warn people about becoming involved in foreign affairs especially European affairs

Missouri Compromise​ ~ admit Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state but also any state admitted for now on would slave if south of Missouri and free if north

The American System​ ~ written by Henry Clay to protect tariffs, recreate the National Bank, and government subsidies for internal affairs

McCulloch v. Maryland ~ Maryland tries to tax the bank which goes to the Supreme Court but loses

The “Corrupt Bargain” of 1824​ ~ election of the new president when Jackson won popular vote but losing candidate Clay picks Adams because the choice went to the house

Democratic Party​ ~ political party who believed in a less active national government with a strict constitution, low tariffs (Southern and Western states, Jackson and Calhoun)

Whig Party​ ~ political party who believed in national power, a bank plus higher tariffs, and elastic clause (Planters and wealthy, Clay and D. Webster)

Bank War​ ~ a political conflict in the United States during President Andrew Jackson's era, where he fiercely opposed the rechartering of the Second Bank of the United States, ultimately leading to its closure and the establishment of state banks instead

Nullification Crisis​ ~ South Carolina nullifies the tariffs of abominations (that better the North) which causes the creation of the Force Act which combats violence and intimidation tactics used against African Americans in the South

Indian Removal Act​ ~ Andrew Jackson’s forced relocation of Native Americans to the west

Trail of Tears ~ forced relocation of the Native Americans

Eli Whitney​ ~ "father of American technology," for two innovations: the cotton gin, and the idea of using interchangeable parts

William Lloyd Garrison​ ~ publisher of The Liberator newspaper and helped lead the successful abolitionist campaign against slavery in the United States

Frederick Douglass​ ~ a former slave who is the father of the abolitionist movement, who advised Presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson on the civil war and black suffrage

Harriet Beecher Stowe​ ~ author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Nat Turner​ ~ a slave who led the famous Nat Turner Rebellion which caused fear in slave owners about possible uprisings

Harriet Tubman ~a slave who was the first woman to lead an armed military raid and fight for women’s rights