Families Unit 2

Industrialized vs Non-Industrialized societies

Rites of Passage in Canada are being able to work, being able to drive, consent, vote, drink/smoke, gamble, work full time & get a credit card.

Transition in Canada is gradual and illogically structured.

In ==Non Industrialized== societies sexual maturity typically marks the transition into being an adult

Rites of Passage are performed and the transition is clearly structured

Anthropologist @@Charles Arnold Van Gennep@@ studied the cross cultural similarities and found patterns

^^First Step: Segregation^^ - initiates undergo rituals meant to strip them of their former childhood identities and separate them from their previous social status - moving to a new location, stripped of clothing & hair, body modification - symbolic death

@@Second Step: Liminal State@@ - initiates are transitioning to a new social status - socially ambiguous - vulnerable & dangerous - undergo ordeals - exposed to elements, deprived of sleep, forced to labour, periods of introspection

After these events the secrets of adulthood are revealed through sacred stories

Roles & Expectations of adulthood are clearly revealed by elders - gestation period

==Third Step: Reintegration== - adult status has been achieved - initiates re-emerge and are welcomed by community as adults - new adult roles must be assumed - participation in the hunt - arranged marriages - parental home is off limits - rebirth into a new social role

Industrialized Society

sexual maturity does not equal adult status - girls used to get their first period (menarche) at 16 - modern diet high in fats & hormones decreased the age to 10 - children of this age are not prepared to assume adult roles

%%The Permakid Phenomenon%%

individuals in industrialized societies reach sexual maturity but cannot participate in adult society because -more education is needed to compete for scarce jobs - high cost of education - increased dependence on parents - lack of means to raise a family

==Erikson’s Lifespan Theory of Development==

• believed that life has several distinct developmental stages

• each stage requires the person to succeed at a specific task - this allows them to move on to the next stage - if they do not succeed development is stalled

  Birth - 1 year: Trust vs Mistrust - development of trust requires nurturing caregiver - learning to trust results in comfort & minimal fear - mistrust develops when infants are neglected - leads to fearfulness

  1 - 3 years: Autonomy vs Doubt - toddlers use new mental & motor skills to gain independence - if they are restrained/punished too much they develop a sense of shame & doubt

  3-5 years: Initiative vs Guilt - adults expect children to become more responsible for taking care of themselves - developing sense of responsibility increases initiative - guilt results if children are irresponsible or made to feel anxious

  6 - 12 years: Industry vs Inferiority - children start school and work at knowledge & intellectual skills - failure can make kids feel inferior and incompetence

  13 - 20 years: Identity vs Identity Confusion - teens are confronted with new roles & adult expectations - must explore different paths to achieve a healthy identity

• identity confusion - options not explored and no commitment

• identity foreclosure - commitment without exploration

• identity moratorium - exploring without commitment

• @@identity achievement - commitment based on exploration@@

  Young Adulthood: Intimacy vs Isolation - form positive close relationships or remain isolated from others

  Mid Adulthood: Generativity vs Stagnation - transmit something positive to the next generation - or feel as though they have done nothing

  Old Age: Integrity vs Despair - individuals evaluate their lives - either feel it was worth living (integrity) or not (despair)

  • %%History of Education%%

  Hunter Gatherer Societies

  • children were educated through imitation & practice of skills - knowledge was spread through storytelling so young people could know as much as their elders

  ==Agricultural Societies==

  • children were educated by their families on the practical skills they would need to run a farm

  @@Industrial Societies@@

  • basic reading, writing & arithmetic needed for job training - beginning of formal education
  • literacy created a division between childhood & adulthood because it takes time to develop

  %%Post Industrial Societies%%

  • problem solving & decision making skills are necessary - more education is required to compete for jobs & earn a higher income - skills need to be updated frequently because technology is constantly changing - life long learning - more young adults are entering university than ever - 20% of students quit and never return - 20 to 50% drop out of their original program

  ^^Challenges Encountered by New Graduates^^

  • Education Inflation - rising demand for bachelor’s degrees in jobs that did not require them previously - people who hold these jobs now don’t have degrees but their replacements will
  • most common in middle - skill jobs that support a middle class lifestyle - sales representatives, clerks, administrative assistants, inspectors
  • ==Underemployment==
  • 27% of new graduates are underemployed - graduates look for jobs related to their field but end up in the student work market - clerical, sales, services, part times
  • new grads are less likely to hold full time permanent jobs today than in the 1980s Stats Can 2019
  • employers prefer part time employees so they don’t have to pay benefits
  • can take up to 5 years after graduation to find full time employment
  • immigrant pop is highly educated but underemployed due to discrimination - employers do not recognize foreign credentials

  @@Automation@@

  • routine & repetitive jobs are highly susceptible to automation - has eliminated many middle skill jobs that supported a middle class lifestyle - job market is polarized - high skill/ high wage jobs that need a lot of education and training - low skill / low wage jobs - service, retail, fast food
  • %%Predictors of Success in the Transition to Adulthood%%
  • Delay of Gratification
  • Marshmallow test Mischel 1972 - put kid alone in a room with a marshmallow - tell kid they can have 2 if they don’t eat the first one in the first 15 minutes
  • \
  • 2/3 of kids give into temptation - 1/3 delay gratification those kids have better academic performance, relationships, weight, & less substance abuse in adulthood
  • ^^Grit = perseverance + stamina Angela Lee Duckworth^^
  • smart people aren’t always gritty - give up too quickly
  • 10 year rule = time required to become an expert in a field
  • to develop grit you need to - not change tasks for the sake of it - don’t abandon tasks in the face of obstacles
  • The Locus of Control Julian B Rotter 1954
  • Internal locus of control - ability & effort determine success - you control your destiny - predictor of success - you fail a test - i didn’t study enough - i will try harder next time
  • external locus of control - luck & environment determine success - you do not control your destiny - you fail a test - the teacher hates me - test was unfair
  • ==Ethnicity==
  • different ethnicities have different value systems
  • North Americans are more likely to think that intelligence & school success is a function of innate ability - students learn they have no control over their achievements
  • Asian cultures are more likely to think that school success is a measure of effort - students control their achievement
  • @@Individualistic Cultures@@
  • “I” - self promotion & self sufficient - emphasis on individual achievement & competition - direct & honest speech is valued
  • Collectivistic Cultures
  • “We” - identity from group membership - emphasis on duty, obligation to family, group achievement, & harmony - indirect speech to maintain group harmony - communication apprehensive - anxiety about speaking in public because it draws attention to the self
  • ^^Impact of Social Class on Identity^^
  • Egalitarian societies - hunter gatherer societies have no opportunity to build wealth - possessions are limited - welfare of society depends on all members sharing
  • Potlatch = to give - system of wealth redistribution in west coast first nations - family status was raised by giving away resources - high status guests would hold their own and would give more lavishly - banned by british

  ==Stratified Societies== - unequal distribution of power - experiences & opportunities are defined by which social class they belong to

  • @@Closed systems@@ - strict/rigid boundaries between social positions
  • Ascribed status - social status is assigned at birth - not based on personal qualities or skills - determines occupation, marriage & social life - not merit based - royalty, slavery, caste system
  • %%Open systems%% - flexible & influenced by achieved status - position is earned by own effort
  • Social Mobility
  • ^^Intergenerational Mobility^^ - social movement is experienced by family members from one gen to the next through education, inheritance
  • ==Intragenerational Mobility== - movement of individuals within their own lifetime through education & promotion
  • good when movement is possible - bad when movement up or down is impossible
  • @@Obstacles faced by members of the lower class@@
  • Poor Mental Health
  • Macaque monkeys study - monkeys were put in artificial social hierarchies - monkeys given access to cocaine - dominant monkeys had more dopamine in their brains due to their high status and used less cocaine - low status monkeys used more cocaine to cope with the anxiety associated with lower status
  • Capuchin monkey study - monkeys were paid unequally for the same task as their neighbour reacted in protest - nonhuman primates have an aversion to inequity
  • 2012 study - income rank(social comparison) not absolute income is predictive of mental health - income rank drops so does mental health
  • %%Poor Physical Health%%
  • lower income families are more likely to live in a food desert - low income neighbourhoods are less likely to have full service grocery stores
  • more likely to regularly consume fast food - gives them the ability to feed the whole family - participate in consumer culture - appearance of financial security - shelter in a safe & clean environment
  • Lower Academic Achievement
  • hunger impacts cognitive processes - 2009 study - non dieters & dieters shown series of images & asked to push button when a red dot appears - hungry participants were distracted by images of food
  • perceived social status impacts academic performance - 2004 study - high caste & low caste boys from India were asked to solve puzzles - without awareness of caste low caste boys did better than high caste boys - when reminded of their caste low caste boys performance dropped significantly
  • ^^History of Discrimination^^
  • ==H.H Goddard== believed that intelligence & feeble mindedness were hereditary
  • moron = feeble minded or mentally defective - targeted those living in poverty - claimed their mental defectiveness was evident in their physical appearance - photoshopped images of poor families as proof of differences
  • ==Lower vs Higher income families & socialization of children==
  • @@lower income families@@ - parents are less educated, value/promote obedience, neatness & cleanliness, restrictive - do not spoil kids - sense of powerlessness - must obey authorities at work - use more corporal punishment
  • higher income families - parents are more educated, value curiosity, happiness & self control, allow freedom to explore sense of control over own life; able to influence others, praise ask questions, & explain with discipline, more verbal interactions
  • Paul Piff’s research/conclusions on the wealthy
  • more likely to believe they deserve the privilege, break the law, support policies that benefit individual wealth over collective wellbeing, less likely to donate to charities,
  • more independent, isolated from others, less empathetic
  • less empathetic, more self serving & unethical
  • more selfish & unethical, more likely to get ahead
  • Food insecurity
  • %%marginally food insecure%% - worrying you will run out of food before you can buy more
  • ^^moderately food insecure^^ - compromising on size/quality of your food
  • ==severely food insecure== - skipping meals or spending days without eating
  • ==Implications of systemic racism==
  • racialized canadians are nearly 2x as likely as white canadians to be low income
  • fake resumes with black sounding names receive 50% less callbacks than those with white sounding names
  • chinese job applicants received better responses from employers when they used anglicized names
  • white professors were more likely to respond to an email request from a chinese student with a white name than one with a chinese name
  • there would be 50% more babies with arabic names in France from 2003 - 2007 if there was not an economic penalty associated with them
  • @@Gender & Adulthood@@
  • Girls - more effective senders & receivers of emotional info - more fearful & timid - more anxious about failure - try harder to avoid it - more compliant to adults & peers - use indirect forms of hostility involving social alienation
  • Boys - greater risk takers - higher injury rates - more dominant & assertive - more active - display more physical & verbal aggression
  • injecting androgens into newborn female animals causes - more aggressive play - male sexual behaviour - reduction in maternal caregiving
  • Oxytocin - boys have less of bonding chemical & need more structured & physical ways to bond; girls naturally have more
  • %%Serotonin%% - boys have less of calming chemical & cause more trouble/have difficulty controlling themselves compared to girls
  • Brain Differences
  • ^^female brain^^ - more white matter - networks different parts of the brain - better at multitasking - 15-20% more neural activity - pain & pressure receptors are closer together - greater sensitivity to texture & pain - greater sensory experiences - memory centres are more active during emotional & relational experiences
  • ==male brain== - more gray matter - localizes & compartmentalizes - better at completing 1 task at a time - pain & pressure receptors are further apart - brain shuts off more times daily - more neural centres in right hemisphere - focus on object’s movement in physical space
  • hippocampus (memory centre) is less active
  • amygdala (aggression/emotion centre) - use of aggression as a bonding mechanism
  • female infants - drawn to faces, colour, texture, hearing is 7x more sensitive
  • male infants - drawn to moving objects
  • @@Impact of Socialization@@
  • mothers - express more emotion - positive emotion with daughters & more negative towards sons
  • discourage physical risk taking more in daughters than sons
  • fathers - have a strong preference for sons - less likely to divorce if kid is a boy - play an active role in instilling male behaviour in sons - react negatively to sons being feminine - show less disapproval of daughters being masculine
  • Glass ceiling - the level to which one may rise in a company but beyond which they may not go - only 5% of fortune 500 company senior managers are women
  • Pay discrimination - women are paid 3/4 of what men make - wage gap is shrinking - women make 87 cents on the man’s dollar
  • leaving the workforce - women value relationships, interdependence & collaboration - corporations value masculine work values - women feel disconnected, alienated & derive less meaning from work
  • Sex, Gender Identity, Sexual Orientation
  • %%Biological Sex%% - includes external genitalia, internal reproductive structures,chromosomes, hormone levels, & secondary sex characteristics such as breasts, facial/body hair, & fat distribution
  • Charles Cooley’s Looking Glass Theory
  • significant people in your life are mirrors - you present yourself to others by your words & actions you interpret other’s reactions as reflections of their evaluation of you - you form your self identity as a result of these interpretations