CHAPTER-5-III-LESSO-16-18

Chapter 5: The East-Asia Trade

Overview

  • Explores trade practices and technological advancements in East Asia.

  • Discusses the relevance of sampling processes in data collection.

Lesson 16: Types of Questionnaire

Structured Questionnaires

  • Provides specific questions with multiple-choice answers.

  • Easy to analyze but may limit depth of responses.

Unstructured Questionnaires

  • Asks open-ended questions without pre-defined answers.

  • Promotes respondent freedom but complicates data analysis in large samples according to Nutt et al. (1996).

Developing Questionnaires

Outline Content of Instrument

  • Draft questions or adapt from existing instruments.

  • Ensure clarity and relevance of each question.

Principles in Constructing a Questionnaire

  • Define Terms: Avoid misinterpretation of key terms.

  • Descriptive Adjectives: Use cautiously to avoid confusion.

  • Avoid inadequate Alternatives: Ensure that answer choices are adequate.

  • No Double Negatives: These complicate understanding.

  • Single Idea Questions: Phrase to focus on one concept per question.

  • Systematic Quantification: Design for clear numerical analysis.

  • Important Topics: Focus on significant issues important to respondents.

  • Unique Information: Seek new insights not available from other sources.

  • Length and Appearance: Keep it as short as possible. It should be visually appealing and clearly arranged.

  • Clear Directions: Ensure all instructions and terms are adequately explained.

  • Good Psychological Order: Start with general questions before moving to specifics, avoiding potentially embarrassing queries.

Lesson 17: Two Types of Questions

Open-ended Questions

  • Allows detailed responses, inviting explanations regarding study issues.

  • Typical prompts include "what," "why," and "how."

Closed Questions

  • Known as fixed alternative questions, providing predefined answer choices.

  • Useful for structured information gathering based on existing knowledge or literature.

Validity in Questionnaires

Types of Validity

  • Content Validity: Adequate representation of knowledge and skills.

  • Construct Validity: Reflects the construct underlying a theoretical framework.

  • Criterion-related Validity: Includes:

    • Predictive Validity: How well a test predicts future performance.

    • Concurrent Validity: How well a test correlates with an established metric.

Reliability in Questionnaires

Concept of Reliability

  • Consistency of measurement across time.

  • Reliable instruments yield similar scores in repeated uses.

Sensitivity

  • Ability of an instrument to distinguish nuances related to the problem being assessed.

Objectivity

  • Ensures measures are free from personal biases.

Feasibility

  • Considers practical aspects like skill requirements, costs, and time investment.

Lesson 18: Data Analysis

Analyzing Data

  • Raw data collected requires processing to derive meaningful conclusions.

  • This includes identifying trends, patterns, and relationships among variables through proper statistical tests.

Purpose of Data Analysis

  • To convert data into informative findings that describe trends and variations.

  • Involves systematic scientific treatment of data.

Conclusion

Acknowledgment

  • Thank attendees for their participation and congratulate them on progressing toward graduation.