CHAPTER-5-III-LESSO-16-18

Chapter 5: The East-Asia Trade

Overview

• Explores trade practices and technological advancements in East Asia.

• Discusses the relevance of sampling processes in data collection.

Lesson 16: Types of Questionnaire

Structured Questionnaires

• Provides specific questions with multiple-choice answers.

• Easy to analyze but may limit depth of responses.

Unstructured Questionnaires

• Asks open-ended questions without pre-defined answers.

• Promotes respondent freedom but complicates data analysis in large samples according to Nutt et al. (1996).

Developing Questionnaires

Outline Content of Instrument

• Draft questions or adapt from existing instruments.

• Ensure clarity and relevance of each question.

Principles in Constructing a Questionnaire

• Define Terms: Avoid misinterpretation of key terms.

• Descriptive Adjectives: Use cautiously to avoid confusion.

• Avoid inadequate Alternatives: Ensure that answer choices are adequate.

• No Double Negatives: These complicate understanding.

• Single Idea Questions: Phrase to focus on one concept per question.

• Systematic Quantification: Design for clear numerical analysis.

• Important Topics: Focus on significant issues important to respondents.

• Unique Information: Seek new insights not available from other sources.

• Length and Appearance: Keep it as short as possible. It should be visually appealing and clearly arranged.

• Clear Directions: Ensure all instructions and terms are adequately explained.

• Good Psychological Order: Start with general questions before moving to specifics, avoiding potentially embarrassing queries.

Lesson 17: Two Types of Questions

Open-ended Questions

• Allows detailed responses, inviting explanations regarding study issues.

• Typical prompts include "what," "why," and "how."

Closed Questions

• Known as fixed alternative questions, providing predefined answer choices.

• Useful for structured information gathering based on existing knowledge or literature.

Validity in Questionnaires

Types of Validity

• Content Validity: Adequate representation of knowledge and skills.

• Construct Validity: Reflects the construct underlying a theoretical framework.

• Criterion-related Validity: Includes:

  • Predictive Validity: How well a test predicts future performance.

  • Concurrent Validity: How well a test correlates with an established metric.

Reliability in Questionnaires

Concept of Reliability

• Consistency of measurement across time.

• Reliable instruments yield similar scores in repeated uses.

Sensitivity

• Ability of an instrument to distinguish nuances related to the problem being assessed.

Objectivity

• Ensures measures are free from personal biases.

Feasibility

• Considers practical aspects like skill requirements, costs, and time investment.

Lesson 18: Data Analysis

Analyzing Data

• Raw data collected requires processing to derive meaningful conclusions.

• This includes identifying trends, patterns, and relationships among variables through proper statistical tests.

Purpose of Data Analysis

• To convert data into informative findings that describe trends and variations.

• Involves systematic scientific treatment of data.

Conclusion

Acknowledgment

• Thank attendees for their participation and congratulate them on progressing toward graduation.