Population Dynamics Flashcards

Population Dynamics

Population: Total number of people in a specific area at a particular time.
Population dynamic: Study of how and why population changes in size and structure over time.

In 2021, approximately 59.33% of the global population lived in Asia.
The world's population has nearly tripled since 1950 and is continuously rising.
Population is projected to reach 11.2 billion by 2100.

Fertility rate (birth rate): Measured by the number of children per woman of child-bearing age.
- Birth rate: Number of live births per 1000 persons in a given area per year.
Mortality rate (death rate): Influenced by healthcare quality and lifestyle.
- Death rate: Number of deaths per 1000 people in a given area per year.
Immigration: People moving into a country.
Emigration: People moving out of a country.
Natural growth rate: Difference between birth rate and death rate.

Population density: \frac{\text{Total population of a country}}{\text{Total land area of the country}}
Densely populated regions: Favorable climate, economic opportunities (e.g., China, Japan, Western and Central Europe).
Sparsely populated regions: Harsh climate, rugged topography (e.g., Sahara Desert, Arctic regions).

Overpopulation: Population too great for a region to support, causing environmental deterioration and impaired quality of life.
Overpopulation index: Considers total population, land area, food production, water resources, and area under cultivation.
Causes:
- Decline in death rate due to medical advances and technology.
- Technological advancements in fertility treatment.
Problems:
- Rapid population growth leading to a large dependent population.
- Unemployment due to lack of industry and training.
- Poor housing and health conditions.
Impact:
- Depletion of natural resources.
- Environmental hazards (deforestation, global warming).
- Unemployment and poverty.
- Health and sanitation issues.
- Imbalance in trade (more imports, less exports).

Underpopulation: Population too small to fully utilize available resources without compromising living standards.
Areas: Regions of low technical development (e.g., Equatorial Congo, Amazon river basin).
Causes:
- Decreased fertility rate due to literacy, economic development, and urbanization.
- Emigration due to push (lack of employment) and pull (better opportunities) factors.
- Disease (e.g., HIV/AIDS, COVID).
- Famine (scarcity of food).
Problems:
- Uneven distribution of population.
- Remoteness and unwillingness to forego amenities.
- Under-utilization of resources.
- Slow growth of industry.
- Climatic problems.
Impact:
- Unstable economy (decreased demand, deflation).
- Labor shortage.
- Decrease in pollution.

Climate: Temperate regions are more favorable; extreme climates have small populations.
Topography/Landforms: Plains are densely populated; mountainous areas have low populations.
Soil: Fertile soil supports dense populations.
Water: Essential for human activities; influences population distribution.
Availability of Resources: Minerals and power resources attract industrial development and population.
Size of the Country: Influences population density.
Socio-Economic Factors: Economic activities, cultural, social, and political factors.
Geographical Location: Accessible trade centers attract population.

Includes factors such as sex, age, health, literacy, occupation, and income level.
Age structure: Influences socio-economic issues; young vs. old populations require different investments.
Population pyramid: Illustrates age and sex structure.
Sex-composition (sex ratio): Number of females per 1000 males.
Rural-urban composition: Division based on lifestyles and economic activities.