Sport Internet-based dictionaries defined sport as an organized, competitive, entertaining, and movement activity that requires commitment, discipline, strategy, and fair play, in which a winner can be defined by objective means. It is governed by a set of rules or customs. Etymologically, the term sports comes from Old French desport meaning leisure which is done during free time. American English uses the term sport to refer to this general type of recreational activity.

1. Individual Sport - Consists of only 1 player against an opponent.

2. Dual Sport - Consists of a duo/pair against another 2 players.

3. Team Sport - Consists of three (3) or more players per team.

4. Amateur - Pertains to a proletarian/popular type of sport consisting of one player or more acting as ambassador/s of a place competing in a highly organized game. Ex. National Games, ASIAN Games, SEA Games, and Olympics.

5. Professional - A popular profitable type of sport elevated as entertainment. Ex. NBA players, Manny Pacquiao (Boxing) and Tiger Woods (Gole.)

1. Chance at sports scholarships 12. Satisfaction

2. Develop emotional traits and personality 13. Socialization

3. Develop mental and physical skills

4. Encourage goal setting and achieving these goals

5. Health and Fitness benefits

6. Improves academic performance

7. Improve body physique

8. Less risk of cigarette, drug, and alcohol use

9. Pleasure

10. Professional growth

11. Profit (professional sports)

Terminologies

1. Athletes - Pertain to the players in sports.

2. Athletics - Organized, highly structured, competitive activities in which skilled individuals participate (Lumpkin, 1998).

3. Coach - The formal authority within a team.

4. Competition - Refers to the competitive sport or tournament.

5. Court - The physical facility/venue where sports are played.

6. Equipment - Usually heavy and well-built materials used in a sport.

7. Exercise - Means to participate, to strengthen, or to terms need to be understood (Lumpkin,1998).

8. Game - Synonymous to a match governed by rules and regulations. It refers to recreational activities that are not considered sport (Example: card games, web games, etc.),

9. Leisure - Pertains to the available time used from work, and responsibilities,

10. Match - Refers to an entire game characterized by number, time and order.

11. Official - The person or group of individuals who have the full jurisdiction over the game.

12. Play - The act of playing. Likewise, it is an amusement engaged for fun that is non-utilitarian that the outcome is unpredictable and has an end in itself.

13. Riot (Hooliganism) - Denotes violence in sports. It is an increase of negative attitude in a sport,

14. Set - Refers to the partition of a match.

15. Sportsmanship - An attitude that strives for fair play, courtesy toward teammates and opponents, Ethical behaviour and integrity, and grace in victory or defeat (Merriam-Webster Dictionary).

16. Supplies - Usually refer as to the racquets and balls that are inevitably replace.

17. Team Captain - The leader or the player that is in-charge of his/her co team members.

18. Trainer - The instructor that teaches drills and skills.

19. Uniform - The term that refers to the prescribed clothing of the players. WEEK 3

There two confusing explanation regarding in Individual/Dual sports, Explanation A (partner, team) says, if the sports played by equal number of players inside the court or playing area. In explanation B (Game) its more confusing, under individual sports, if the game played against his/ her own record are consider as individual sports. In dual sports if the game played by 1 person against 1 on their part of the court, according to the references, we can also consider it dual sports. Sport is classified into Individual/Dual sports and Team sports. Individual/Dual sports are played by one or two participant/s on each competing side while Team Sports are played by three or more players. ATHLETICS (Popular known as “Track and Field) Athletics is one of the oldest forms of organized sports. Like other sports, running, jumping and throwing are vital training to survive. It comes from the Greek word “ATHLOS” meaning “contest”.

• Sprint – 100m, 200m, 400m • Middle Distance- 800m, 1500m, and 1 mile long run • Long Distance- 3000m steeplechase, 5000m, 10,000m • Hurdles- 110/100m, 400m • Relays- 4x100m, 4x400m

1. SHOT PUT - The shot put has been an Olympic sport since 1896 and involves pushing or putting a heavy metal ball called a shot out of a 7-foot diameter concrete circle. The shot weighs 16 lbs. in men's competitions and 8.8 lbs. for women.

2. DISCUS THROW - Discus throwing has been a sport since ancient Greece circa 708 B.C. and consists of throwing a heavy circular disc as far as possible. Up until 1906, the discussion was thrown from an elevated pedestal but modern. Discus throwing was featured in the first Olympics in 1896 and was one of the first women's Olympic events in 1928. Men throw a discus weighing 4 lb., 7 oz. while women's discus weighs 2 lb., 3 oz.

3. JAVELIN THROW - Javelin throwing was once an integral part of ancient warfare and the farther a warrior could hurl a javelin, the greater his standing in the army. The first men's Olympic javelin event was in 1908 and in 1932 for women. Originally made of wood, modern javelins are made of metal. Men's javelins weigh 800 g and women's javelins weigh 600 g. Javelin throwing is the only track and field throwing an event that allows a run-up.

4. HAMMER THROW - The hammer throwers of old used to throw blacksmiths hammers. The hammer used in modern competition does not really resemble a hammer and consists of a heavy metal ball and a long wire handle. The hammer is thrown from a 7-foot diameter concrete circle after the thrower has spun around three or four times. The hammer used in men's competitions weighs 16 lbs. and the hammer used by women weighs 8.82 lbs. JUMPING EVENTS

5. HIGH JUMP - In the high jump event, the athlete gets a running start and must jump over a bar without knocking it over. They land on a big soft cushion. There have been many techniques used for high jumping over the years, but the current, and most successful, is called the Fosbury Flop. The Fosbury Flop technique involves leading with your head over the bar and twisting such that your back is to the ground and closest the bar as you go over it.

6. LONG JUMP - First the athlete must have good speed as they sprint down the runway to prepare for the jump; next they must have very good footwork at the end of their run so they can launch as close to the line as possible without going over the line and faulting; third they must make a good jump; and lastly they must have proper form through the air and into the landing. The long jump has been a popular track and field event since the Ancient Greece Olympics.

7. TRIPLE JUMP - The triple jump is similar to the long jump, but there are three combined jumps that go into the total length. These are called the hop, the step, and the jump.

8. POLE VAULT- MAN - While all of the field events take require technique to excel, the pole vault may be the toughest to master. This track and field event, the athlete runs down the track holding a pole at one end. At the end of the run the plant the far in of the pole into a metal box in ground and then propel themselves up and over a high bar using both a jump and the spring of the pole to gain height.

• Chess is a two-player strategy board game played on a checkered board with 64 squares arranged in an 8×8 grid.

• Chess is believed to be derived from the Indian game chaturanga sometime before the 7th century. • The history of chess can be traced back around 1500 years; started in the North of India and then spread throughout the Asian continent. • The first official World Chess Championship was hosted in 1886. • The 20th century revolutionized chess with the invention of databases and chess engines.

• King can move exactly one square horizontally, vertically, or diagonally. At most once in every game, each king is allowed to make a special move, known as castling. • Queen can move any number of vacant squares diagonally, horizontally, or vertically. • Rook can move any number of vacant squares vertically or horizontally. It also is moved while castling. • Bishop can move any number of vacant squares in any diagonal direction. • Knight can move one square along any rank or file and then at an angle. The knight ́s movement can also be viewed as an “L” or “7′′ laid out at any horizontal or vertical angle. • Pawns can move forward one square, if that square is unoccupied. If it has not yet moved, the pawn has the option of moving two squares forward provided both squares in front of the pawn are unoccupied. A pawn cannot move backward. Pawns are the only pieces that capture differently from how they move. They can capture an enemy piece on either of the two spaces adjacent to the space in front of them (i.e., the two squares diagonally in front of them) but cannot move to these spaces if they are vacant. The pawn is also involved in the two special moves en passant and promotion.

• Badminton is a racket game consists of two to four players (singles or doubles). • The aim of badminton is to hit the shuttle with your racket so that it passes over the net and lands inside your opponent’s half of the court. • Play begins from the right half court. Players must hit the shuttlecock into the diagonal opposite court. History of Badminton 5th Century (Siam, China) - Evolves from a children’s game called “Ti Jian Zi” (means kicking the shuttle) 16th Century - England (Battledore and shuttle ( paddle ) Europe (Jeu De Volant) 1860's (Pune, India) - Poona with added net 1870's (England ) - British Army learned the game in India took the equipment back to England 19th Century (England ) - The game was named by the Duke of Beaufort after "Badminton House" in Gloucestershire 1877 'Bath Badminton Club' (BBC) - The first badminton club was formed and also the first official set of rules were developed. 1992 (Barcelona Olympics) - Badminton become an Olympic Sports

• Side out – loss of service

• Fault – violation of the rules • Birdie – Shuttlecock • Let – serve hitting the Top of the net and landing in the proper court, a serve retake • Match - winning 2 out of 3 games. • Rally - a sequence of one or more strokes starting with the serve, until the shuttle ceases to be in play. • In Side- team serving • Out Side- team receiving • Odd and Even courts - if the server's score is odd, he will serve from the left court (if even, from the right). Just as for singles, the receiver will stand in the diagonally opposite service court. Whenever the serving side wins a rally, the same person serves again (but from the other service court). • Game scoring- A match consists of the best of 3 games of 21 points. Every time there is a serve – there is a point scored. The side winning a rally adds a point to its score. At 20 all, the side which gains a 2 point lead first, wins that game. • Singles - a match where there is one player on each of the opposing sides. • Doubles -a match where there are two players on each of the opposing sides.

• Head - bounds the string area. • Stringed Area - is the part of the racket with which it is intended that a player hits the shuttle. • Throat - connects the shaft to the head. • Shaft - connects the handle to the head. • Handle - is the part of the racket with which the player grips to control it. FOOTWORKS IN BADMINTON -V FRONT (UPPER LEFT AND RIGHT) -FORWARD AND BACK -V BACK (BACK LEFT AND RIGHT) -SIDE TO SIDE STROKES IN BADMINTON • LOB - Is on the air/lob or higher. • SMASH - A powerful overhead shot use to put away a shuttle that is above the high of the net. • DROP - A slow gentle shot that falls just over the net into the opponents forecast. • NETTING -A counter- counter- drop. • DRIVE -A line drop shot that travels parallel to the ground passing closing over the net.

-LOW SERVE -FLICK SERVE -HIGH SERVE -DRIVE SERVE

OFFICIAL OF THE GAMES -1 Umpire 4 Linesmen -1 Service judge -2 scorers

➢ Table tennis, also known as ping-pong and whiff-whaff, is a sport in which two or four players hit a lightweight ball, also known as the ping-pong ball, back and forth across a table using small rackets. ➢ The game takes place on a hard table divided by a net. Except for the initial serve, the rules are generally as follows: players must allow a ball played toward them to bounce one time on their side of the table, and must return it so that it bounces on the opposite side at least once. Table tennis is governed by the worldwide organization International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF), founded in 1926. ITTF currently includes 226 member associations. The table tennis official rules are specified in the ITTF handbook. Table tennis has been an Olympic sport since 1988, with several event categories. From 1988 until 2004, these were men's singles, women's singles, men's doubles and women's doubles. Since 2008, a team event has been played instead of the doubles.

History of Table Tennis 12th Century

• The game of table tennis probably descended from the the game of "Royal Tennis" (also known as Real Tennis or Court Tennis), which was played in the medieval era. 1880 (Indoor Tennis)

• Some sources claim that the sport was once known as indoor tennis, and was played in the early 1880's by British army officers stationed in India and South Africa. These officers are supposed to have used cigar box lids as paddles, rounded wine bottle corks as balls, and books for an improvised net. 1890 - 1891 (John Jacques of London)

• John Jacques of London introduce their "Gossima" game, which used drum-type paddles, a 50mm web wrapped cork ball, and a 30cm high net.

• By this time, several patents with basic rules had been registered.

• Parker Brothers begin making an indoor tennis kit which included a portable net, a small ball covered in netting, and paddles. 1900 (James Gibb)

• Englishman James Gibb is credited with bringing hollow celluloid balls back to England from the USA, although some other sources claim they were plastic balls. Previously most balls were solid rubber or cork, often covered in material. Some sources also credit Gibb with inventing the name "ping pong", which was supposed to have been derived from the sound of the ball bouncing off the drum battledores (paddles), each of which had a different sound. 1901

• John Jacques register "Ping Pong" as a trade name in England. The American rights to the name are sold to Parker Brothers.

• On the 12th December 1901, "The Table Tennis Association" is formed in England. Four days later, "The Ping Pong Association" is also formed in England.

• Table tennis is first brought to China via western settlements. 1926 – 1927

• The International Table Tennis Federation is formed.

• The first table tennis world championship tournament was played in London during the year 1927.

1988

• Table Tennis becomes an Olympic sport, in Seoul, South Korea. Supplies and Equipment

1. The Racket/Paddle/Bat. Table Tennis regulations allow any size, shape, and weight of the racket but each side shall be uniformly dark in color, usually black and red. The average size of the blade is approximately 6.5 inches (16.5 cm) long and 6 inches (15cm) wide. The covering may either be of plain, ordinary pimpled rubber with spots outward and a total thickness of not more than 2 mm.

2. The Ball A white or orange celluloid-made table tennis ball, with a matte finish, must measure exactly 40 mm. in diameter and weigh exactly 2.7 grams; preferably with three stars (highest quality).

3. The Net (Assembly) The ITTF states that all table tennis nets shall be attached on both sides to upright poles that stand 15.25 centimeters high, with the posts set 15.25 centimeters beyond the side line. The top of an ITTF-sanctioned net will be exactly 15.25 centimeters above the surface of the table with the bottom of the net resting as close to the tabletop as possible.

4. The Table. The table is 2.74 m (9 ft.) long, 1.525 m (5 ft.) wide, and 76cm (30 inch) high with a Masonite (a type of hardboard) or similarly manufactured timber, layered with a smooth, low-friction coating. The table or playing surface is divided into two halves by a 15.25 cm (6 inch) high net. Net Overhang 15.25 cm Fundamentals of Table Tennis

1. Shakehand (Orthodox or Western Grip). So-named because one grips the racket like the way one does a hand shake.

2. Penhold (Chinese Grip) So-named because one grips the racket to the way one holds a writing instrument.

1. Forehand. The dominant hand stroke used in playing table tennis. Using a western grip, the player who is a right dominant, places the racket in the right hand (left dominant places the racket in the left hand) wherein the thumb, middle, ring, and little fingers are directly positioned as perceived by the opponent while the index finger is at the back of the racket.

2. Backhand. The opposite of the dominant hand stroke. Using a western grip, the player who is a right hand dominant places the racket towards left making the index finger seen by the opponent. Penhold players usually use one side of the racket to hit the ball but some use the reverse penhound backhand.