Basic Stuff

Key Definitions

• Weight- a measurement; the pull of gravity on an object

• Mass- the measurement of the amount of atoms in an object

• Volume- The amount of space an object takes up

• Density- the measure of the amount of matter in a defined amount of space

• Unit- A fixed amount of something; centimeter of distance for an example

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WEIGHT                     vs                       MASS

SI- International System of Units

• 1960 establish date

• Used for trade by all but three countries

• Units for SI

  • Mass- Gram

  • Length- Meter

  • Liquid- Leiter

  • Weight- Newton

Volume

• A measurement of how much space an object occupies

• Units

  • Liquid Units

    • Leiter

    • Pint

    • Quart

    • Cup

  • Solid Units

    • Cm

    • M

    • Ft

    • Yd

    • Mi

  • V of a solid= l x W x H

• Metric system (Stair case)

  • Base Units- meter, gram, liter 

All About Matter

Key vocab 

• Mass of atoms- this depends on the # of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

• Mass #- the # of protons and neutrons in 1 atom

• AVG atomic mass- avg mass of all the isotopes of one element found in nature

• Isotopes- atoms of the same element that have different number of neutron

• Matter- anything that takes up space and has mass

• Physical properties- any characteristic of a matter that can be observed without changing the composition of the matter

• Chemical properties- a characteristic of a substance that can’t be observed without altering the chemical composition 

• Chemical change- the change of one substance to another; these changes cannot be reversed

• Physical change- a change in the physical properties of a substance

• Law of conservation of mass and matter- the mass of all the substances before a chem or physical change  has to equal the mass of the substance after the change

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Necessary Formulas and useful thingies

• How to calculate the AVG atomic mass

  • EX: B-10  is 20%->  B-10 x .2 = 2u

  •         B-11 is 80% ->   B-11 x .8 = 8.8u 

    • Add them together = 10.8u

• How to get neutrons

  • N= Protons- mass #

    • Use relative atomic mass for the mass number

• How to get the Mass #

  • Add together the protons and neutrons in the nucleus 

Matter

• Solids

  • The atoms are vibrating and touching

  • F of A is strong between the atoms

  • Definite volume and shape

• Liquids

  • Atoms are sliding past each other

  • F of A is not as strong but still there

  • Definite volume, no definite shape

• Gasses

  • Atoms are loose and going bonkers

  • No F of A

  • No definite shape or volume

• Plasma

  • When electrons are stripped from the atom

  • Really hot or cold

  • Dense or wispy

Atomic _____

     Atomic number             vs        AVG atomic mass   vs       Atomic mass

 Temperature scales

  Farenheight               Celcius                        Kelvin

Physical Property- any characteristics of a matter that can be observed without altering the composition of the matter

• Physical Change- a change in a physical property

  • EX: bending, change of state, breaking, dissolving

• Changing states is a physical change cause the chemical formula of the substance does not change

• Chemical Property- a characteristic of a substance that can’t be observed without altering the chemical composition

  • Substance changes identity (NEW CHEM. FORMULA)

• Chemical change- change of one substance to another

  • New substance is created

    • Looks/behaves differently

  • Chemical changes cannot be reversed

• Law of conservation of mass/matter- the mass of all the substances before a chemical or physical change = the mass of the substances AFTER the change

  • Matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical or physical change

Matter

• Substance- matter that has the same composition and properties throughout

  • Compound- 2 or more elements chemically combined in a different ratio that forms a new substance

    • EX:

      • Water

      • Carbon Dioxide

      • Copper II Sulfate

      • Salt

      • Hydrogen Peroxide

  • Element- (ex) Cu Si Fe Na

  • A substance can only be made out of one element or compound

• Mixture- matter made up out of 2 or more substance that are not chemically combined

  • Mixtures do not always contain the same amounts or %’s of the different substances

    • Homogeneous- A mixture that is evenly spread out

      • Gatorade

      • Coffee

      • Yogurt

      • Blood

      • Air

      • Apple sauce

    • Heterogeneous- a mixture where substances are unevenly spread out

      • Can show layers

      • Cake w/ Frosting

      • Pizza

      • Sand

      • Chicken noodle soup

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Vocabulary

Ion- An atom that has an electrical charge because it stole or gave away electrons

Chemistry

How the Periodic Table is organized

• By increasing atomic #

• For the most part, by increase in atomic mass

• Groups of elements

  • Group 1 Alkali Metals

  • Group 11 Precious Metals

  • Group 8 Noble gasses

• Metals on the left, Nonmetals on the right

• Where the electrons are located in the atom

• ↑ Groups/ Families

• → Periods

• Same characteristics

Special Element Notes

• Metals

  • 2-12

  • Solids (Except for Hg/H)

  • High melting point

  • Good conductors of heat and electricity

• Metalloids

  • Staircase/ Red dot

  • Has properties of metals and non metals

• Non Metals

  • Everything else

  • Gasses

  • Brittle solids

  • Low melting point

  • Poor conductors of electricity and heat

• Specific groups with characteristics

  • Noble gasses

    • “Snobby Elements”

    • Dont react or combine with other elements

    • Gasses

    • Easily change into plasma with electricity

  • Lanthanide series

    • Elements atomic number #58-71

    • Soft metals 

    • Rare on earth

    • All natural elements (One man made)

  • Actinide series

    • Elements #90-103 

    • Radioactive elements

    • Most man made elements (Three man made)

  • Halogens

    • Unstable elements

  • Precious metals

    • Ag, Au, Cu

    • All hold some sort of economic value

              Neutral Atom       VS  Stable Atom

Compounds

• Subscripts show how many atoms there are in one compound

• Valence E’s Determine how readily an atom is willing to jump into a chemical bond

  • Alkali want to give (+#)

  • Halogens want to steal (-#)

• 2 or more different elements chemically bonded to form a new substance

Bonds

• Pooling

  • Between metals

  • Sharing of all electrons

  • When atoms hold valence electrons so loosely they are able to flow between atoms

  • C=C

• Covalent bonds

  • Between non metals

  • Sharing with 2 or less atoms

• Polar Molecules

  • Molecule with slight uneven charge

  • Uneven sharing of electrons

• Molecules

  • Atoms of the same or different elements chemically combined by sharing electrons

  • Covalent bonds

• Binary Compounds

  • Name of first elements

    • Remember roman numeral

  • Root of second element + “-ide”

  • Copper II Sulfide

• Ionic binary compounds

  • Symbol for positive first and then the negative

  • MAKE SURE CHARGES EQUALS 0

• Covalent binary compounds

  • Always add prefix for the second element

  • -ide for ending

  • If more than one element for the first one, add prefix

  • EX: Sulfur Dioxide

• Finding oxidation numbers

  • Positive or negative numbers assigned to an IONIC chemical reaction

  • THE TRICKY 5

    • Pb II or Pb IV

    • Hg I or Hg II

    • Fe II or Fe III

    • Sn II or Sn IV

  • The number of electrons an atom must steal in order to become stable

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Physics

• Physics - the study of how the universe works 

• Motion- a change in position for an object 

  • Factors determining motion

    • Reference point

    • Distance- how far the object travels

    • Time- how long to travel distance

    • Direction of motion

• Speed- describes how quickly an object is going

  • V= D/T

• Velocity-  speed and direction

  • EX: 12 cm/year north

  Constant Speed   vs   Average Speed

Good Luck!