Key Terms and Definitions

Key Terms

Active Range of Motion

• Definition: The range of motion achieved when the patient uses their own muscles to move a joint $(\text{p. 560})$.

Aerobic Exercise

• Definition: Physical activity that increases heart and breathing rate to improve cardiovascular health $(\text{p. 564})$.

Anaerobic Exercise

• Definition: High-intensity activity that does not require oxygen to produce energy $(\text{p. 564})$.

Atrophy

• Definition: The wasting away or decrease in size of a body tissue or organ, often due to lack of use $(\text{p. 558})$.

Contracture

• Definition: The permanent shortening of a muscle or joint, often due to spasm or paralysis $(\text{p. 558})$.

Dangling

• Definition: Sitting on the edge of the bed with legs hanging down $(\text{p. 560})$.

Disuse Osteoporosis

• Definition: Bone loss that occurs due to lack of weight-bearing activity or muscle contraction $(\text{p. 558})$.

Equilibrium

• Definition: A state of balance $(\text{p. 557})$.

Flaccidity

• Definition: Decreased muscle tone; also termed hypotonicity $(\text{p. 557})$.

Footdrop

• Definition: A condition in which the foot is permanently plantar flexed $(\text{p. 558})$.

Friction

• Definition: The resistance that one surface or object encounters when moving over another $(\text{p. 578})$.

Gait

• Definition: A person's manner of walking $(\text{p. 560})$.

Hemiparesis

• Definition: Weakness on one side of the body $(\text{p. 557})$.

Hemiplegia

• Definition: Paralysis of one side of the body $(\text{p. 557})$.

Hypertonicity

• Definition: Increased muscle tone $(\text{p. 557})$.

Hypotonicity

• Definition: Decreased muscle tone; also termed flaccidity $(\text{p. 557})$.

Ischemia

• Definition: An inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body $(\text{p. 557})$.

Isometric Exercise

• Definition: Exercise in which muscle tension increases but there is minimal or no actual muscle shortening and no joint movement $(\text{p. 564})$.

Isotonic Exercise

• Definition: Exercise in which muscles shorten and move joints $(\text{p. 564})$.

Logrolling

• Definition: A technique used to turn a patient in bed while keeping the spine in straight alignment $(\text{p. 565})$.

Necrosis

• Definition: The death of most or all of the cells in tissue or organ due to disease, injury, or failure of the blood supply $(\text{p. 561})$.

Paraplegia

• Definition: Paralysis of the legs and lower body $(\text{p. 557})$.

Passive Range of Motion

• Definition: Movement of a joint through its range of motion by an external force (e.g., therapist or machine) without any active muscle contraction by the patient $(\text{p. 560})$.

Pathologic Bone Fractures

• Definition: Fractures resulting from weakened bone tissue due to a disease, such as osteoporosis or cancer $(\text{p. 558})$.

Pressure Injuries

• Definition: Localized damage to the skin and/or underlying tissue, usually over a bony prominence, as a result of pressure, or pressure in combination with shear $(\text{p. 561})$.

Proprioception

• Definition: The sense of body position and movement $(\text{p. 557})$.

Quadriplegia

• Definition: Paralysis of all four limbs; also known as tetraplegia $(\text{p. 557})$.

Range of Motion (ROM)

• Definition: The extent of movement of a joint, measured in degrees of a circle $(\text{p. 560})$.

Spasticity

• Definition: Increased muscle tone or stiffness, leading to uncontrolled, awkward movements $(\text{p. 557})$.

Trapeze

• Definition: A triangular device suspended above a patient's bed, used to help the patient move and lift themselves in bed $(\text{p. 568})$.