Unit 9: Human Development 11/01/2023 Preventative over reactive Wholistic Developmental theories

• Nature vs Nurture

  • Genetics/biology/hormones

  • Environment/upbringing/experiences

• Continuity vs discontinuity

  • Ramp vs staircase

  • Smooth/gradual, kids are little adults, continuous growth

  • Discrete stages and phases, qualitatively different child vs adult

    • Chrysalis vs butterfly distinctly discontinuous

    • Puberty??

    • Qualitative phase-like shift about who you have to care about

  • May explain as discontinuous but be continuous

  • May see stashes but at a molecular level it is gradual and linked, realized at specific milestones

• Ecological Model

  • Urie Bronfenbrenner

  • Cannot statistically test it but isn’t very disputed

  • What influences a child

  • Child level factors-Innermost ring is nature (sex at birth, intelligence, health)

  • Micro system-regular direct contact with children (constant influence-parents, teachers, friends) influence through modelling, rewards, and more

  • Mesosystem-direct interaction between people and themselves (relationship between Mom & Dad, between coach and teacher, between friends, etc.)

  • Exosystem-indirect influences (people you don’t talk to in class but are still there, atmosphere of neighbourhood can impact you even if you don’t know everyone)

  • Macrosystem-religion, geographical identity, ethnicity (racialized or marginalized), music

  • Chronosystem-macro level stuff specific to a historical time period (era of smartphones, airplane travel, COVID-19 pandemic, the Great Depression)

  • Could include an evolution of health like sleep, nutrition

  • Didn’t account for influencing outwards

• Psychosexual developmental

  • Sigmund Freud

  • How we resolve unconscious desires

  • Achieve pleasure and satisfaction

• Morality

  • Lawrence Kohlberg

  • How we decide what is right and wrong

  • Heinz dilemma

    • Small, isolated village and had a spouse, pharmacist with cure and only option is to steal it to save your spouse or letting your spouse die

• Physical development

  • Physiological understanding of development

  • Motor development (CNS to PNS)

  • Ability to move and coordination

  • Growth patterns

    • Cephalocaudal-head to tail-head biggest eventually legs get bigger

    • Proximodistal-vital organs and outward (arms last)

    • Differentiation-specialization-stem cells, human eyes (light sensors, cornea, lens, etc), grasping (flapper, sock puppet, pincher)

• Cognition

  • Jean Piaget

  • “Mommy blogger”

  • Recognize patterns

  • Thoughts and understanding

  • Problem solving

  • Perspective taking

  • Mental understanding

• Attachment

  • Emotional bonds with others

  • Mary Ainsworth

  • Relationships (secure, avoidant, anxious)

• Psychosocial development

  • Erik Erikson

  • Social bonds, less emotional

  • Unconscious conflict

  • Step-like pathway

  • Trust or not, married or single

  • Can go back down the stairs

Prenatal development

Physical standpoint

• Zygote-2 weeks

  • Not yet connected to parents bloodstream-can still get drunk because not attached to bloodstream

• Embryo-2.5 months

  • Dangerous stuff happens ie. Miscarriage

  • Specialization occurs

  • Most sensitive to toxins and chemicals

• Fetus-6 months

  • No further specialization

  • Growth and maturation

• Teratogens

  • Can harm the offspring

  • Disease (HIV, syphillis, rubella, Zika (microencphaly), STDs, etc.), drugs (cocaine, alcohol, heroin, nicotine, aspirin, anti-depressants), toxic chemicals (household cleaners, sun, lead, mercury (fish), pesticides)

• Trimesters are parent-centred

13/01/2023

Infancy (0-3 years)

• Physical

  • 7.5lbs +/- 1.25 lbs

    • Normal distribution

    • SD=1.25lbs

    • ~68% of population (1SD)

    • ~95% of population (2SD)

    • <5lbs, could not be fully developed/not stable on its own/not enough fat for temp regulation, genetic atypicality linked to disorder

    • 10lbs, risk of infantile diabetes, pituitary gland issues

• Brain maturation

  • Reflexes, cough/sneeze

• Body proportions

• Sleep and rest

• Newborn reflexes

  • Babinski-stroke the bottom of the foot (spread toes)

  • Moro-startle (arms out and arch back, balance and inner ear)

  • Palmar-grasping

  • Rooting-touch cheek (turn head towards the side, allows to find nipple)

  • Sucking-hard to drink from nipple or baby bottle

• Motor development

  • Lift head-1 month

  • Lift chest-2 months

  • Reach-3 months (intent/coordination)

  • Sit with support-4 months (abdominal and back muscles)

  • Hold objects-5 months (flapper/sock puppet)

  • Sit alone-6 months (requires longer legs, not just muscles)

  • Crawl-7-9 months (knee scooting, butt scooting)

  • Stand with help-8-11 months

  • Walk-12 months

  • Hop/stairs/walk backwards-2 years+

• Psychosexual

  • Oral (0-2 years)

    • Pleasure and comfort through mouth

    • If insufficient could bite nails, smoke, chew gum

  • Anal (2-3 years)

    • Control and shame

    • Anxious about making mistakes and tense up physically

• Psychosocial

  • Trust vs mistrust (0-1 years)

    • Meeting needs and learn to trust people

  • Autonomy vs doubt (2-3 years)

    • Dress themselves, feed themselves, independence

    • Helicoptering leads to doubt and micromanaging

• Attachment

  • Harry Harlow

    • Comfort and security?

    • Drink and cuddle turned out normal

    • Most time spent with cuddle mom debunking Freud

      • Stimulations of nervous system through skin to skin causes chemical response

16/01/2023

Infancy (cont.)

• Strange Situation

  • Step 1: Care giver and infant enter research lab

  • Step 2: Infant is given time and space to explore toys

  • Step 3: Stranger enters the research lab, infant is watched for response

  • Step 4: First separation, caregiver leaves the room, stranger attempts to comfort, infant’s response is observed

  • Step 5: First reunion, caregiver enter room, infant’s response is observed, stranger leaves room

  • Step 6: second situation, caregiver leave room, infant’s response is observed

  • Step 7: stranger enters, stranger attempts to comfort

  • Step 8: second reunion, caregiver enters room, infant response is observed

  • Attachment types

    • Secure: separation=upset, reunion=comforted

    • Avoidant: indifferent

      • Can be normal and adaptive response

    • Anxious: separation=distressed, reunion=hostile

    • Disorganized

      • Doesn’t show one of the three patterns

      • Red flag-doesn’t know what to expect

      • Unpredictable relationship, can be a sign of abuse and neglect

      • Could be a sign of developmental issue

• Cognitive

  • Sensorimotor stage-responses

    • Exploring the environment

      • Cause and effect

      • Ex. Kick crib=mobile moves—motor=sensation

      • Cannot spoil an infant with attention

    • Imitation

      • Less than 4 months will attempt to imitate individual

      • 9-12 months do so voluntarily

    • Object permanence

      • Less than 6 months don’t have it

      • Ex. tracking ball behind object, look longer if wrong colour ball comes out

      • Have a sense of physics

Early Childhood (Ages 3-6)

• Imagination

• Morality

  • Pre-conventional stages 1/2

    • “I don’t want to get in trouble/I want to get rewarded”

    • Avoiding punishments/towards rewards

• Psychosexual (Ages 3-7)

  • Phalic

  • Social somparisons

  • Oedipus (ie. Freud had a thing for his Mom)

  • Penis envy (ie. Girls find out men have penises and think they’re missing something)

• Psychosocial (ages 3-6)

  • Initiative vs guilt

  • Can you invite yourself to play

• Cognitive

  • Pre-operational stage

    • Symbolism • 2=two things, two fingers

      • Drawn flower is a symbol for a flower

      • Can understand and read maps

    • Ego-centrism

      • Think everyone sees what they see

      • Hide behind hands since they cant see you

    • Centred thinking

      • Sort by suit/number

  • Conservation

    • Volume (focus on height and think you’re making more liquid)

    • Number (can count, but feel like there’s more, length over quantity)

    • Length (only ending to see if longer, vary based on reading left to right or right to left)

18/01/2023

Late Childhood (Ages 7-11, grades 1-5, roughly)

• Morality

  • Conventional stages 3/4

    • “I want to fit in with others/I want to follow the rules”

    • Be good to spouse/people don’t steal

    • Religious rules/family rules/Canadian laws

    • Would steal because you made a vow

• Attachment

  • Parent-child attachment influences

    • Teacher-child relationships

    • Friendship

    • Influences default-type relationship you will form with others

• Psychosocial

  • Industriousness vs inferiority (Ages 7-11)

  • Sense of self which can be good or bad

    • Industriousness, gold stars, do good on tests

    • Inferiority- ADHD, learning disability, teacher or classmates label as bad

      • Follow their labels

    • Teachers told they have good classes, did well, told they were a problem, did bad

• Cognition

  • Concrete operational stage

    • Conservation

    • Math operations

      • Can do without manipulatives

    • Logic problems

      • Tower of Hanoi

      • Riverboat

  • Reversibility

Adolescence (Ages 12-18)

• Physical

  • Puberty

    • Growth spurt

    • Menarche (~11.5 year)

    • Semenarche (~13.5 years)

    • Secondary sex characteristics

• Psychosexual

  • Genital stage (11 years+)

    • Sexuality

    • Can feel guilty about sex or be turned on by “dirty talk” because it feels dirty

• Psychosocial

  • Identity vs confusion

    • Different extracurricular, think about future, group of friends (cliques)

    • If do not find identity, get confused

• Cognition

  • Formal operational

    • Abstract reasoning

      • Advanced math that you cannot draw

    • Hypothetical thinking

      • “If, then” statements which don’t make sense

      • If you hit a glass with a feather it will break, what will happen if you hit a glass with a feather

      • If you could have a 3rd eye where would it be

    • Deductive reasoning

      • Solving problems without trial and error

        • Looking at previous attempts

  • Adolescent egocentrism

    • Imaginary audience

      • “everyone is looking at me”

    • Invincibility

      • They’re not going to have the bad stuff happen to them, it happens to other people

    • Importance

      • Gonna be a rockstar

      • Gonna win the contest

Emerging adulthood (Ages 18-25ish)

• Morality

  • Post-conventional stages 5/6

    • “I owe it to them/I know it is the right thing”

• Cognition

  • Cognitive peak

    • Brain development

    • Pathways matured

    • At 25 you plateau your level of idiocracy

• Psychosocial (18-30ish)

  • Intimacy vs isolation

  • Forefront of their mind

• Attachment

  • Romantic relationship

    • Jealousy

    • Fear of commitment

    • Trust

  • Transfers to romantic relationship from other relationships, unless traumatic event

  • One reliable support person regardless of relationship (even a pet), can flip to secure attachment

  • Break up over long distance relationships, convince them to stay, constant mistrust, jealous and possessive

  • Song examples

    • Ill be watching you-the police—-jealous/anxious insecure

    • “Im in a relationship with all my bitches yuh” avoidant attachments

    • You’re still the one

    • Barney the dinosaur

20/01/2023 Middle Adulthood (35-60)

• Psychosocial

  • Generativity vs stagnation

    • Preoccupied with carreers or work

    • Meaningful impact

    • Could be volunteering

    • Helping next generation

    • Dead end job that doesn’t matter

• Attachment

  • Attachment styles as parents

    • Securely attached person becomes securely attached parent

    • Firm but flexible

    • Brick wall parent-rules are rules, have to follow them

      • Avoidant person

    • Ghost parent-absentee

      • Avoidant person

    • Helicopter/steamroller parents-ensure safety no matter what

      • Anxious

    • Jellyfish parents-no backbone

      • Anxious

  • Marriage & divorce

    • Attachment style may predict divorce and separation

Elder hood (60+)

• Physical

  • Menopause

    • Oxytocin goes down so stop crying about people as much

    • Don’t put up with any shit

    • Menopause/puberty at the same time is fighting central

  • Andropause

    • Testosterone drops

    • Sentimental/mushy

    • Cuddly

• Psychosocial

  • Integrity vs despair

    • Look back and be satisfied with your life

    • Face death’s door with integrity=satisfied life

    • Things you didn’t do=despair