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PSYC 201 Unit 9

Unit 9: Human Development 11/01/2023 Preventative over reactive Wholistic Developmental theories

  • Nature vs Nurture

    • Genetics/biology/hormones

    • Environment/upbringing/experiences

  • Continuity vs discontinuity

    • Ramp vs staircase

    • Smooth/gradual, kids are little adults, continuous growth

    • Discrete stages and phases, qualitatively different child vs adult

      • Chrysalis vs butterfly distinctly discontinuous

      • Puberty??

      • Qualitative phase-like shift about who you have to care about

    • May explain as discontinuous but be continuous

    • May see stashes but at a molecular level it is gradual and linked, realized at specific milestones

  • Ecological Model

    • Urie Bronfenbrenner

    • Cannot statistically test it but isn’t very disputed

    • What influences a child

    • Child level factors-Innermost ring is nature (sex at birth, intelligence, health)

    • Micro system-regular direct contact with children (constant influence-parents, teachers, friends) influence through modelling, rewards, and more

    • Mesosystem-direct interaction between people and themselves (relationship between Mom & Dad, between coach and teacher, between friends, etc.)

    • Exosystem-indirect influences (people you don’t talk to in class but are still there, atmosphere of neighbourhood can impact you even if you don’t know everyone)

    • Macrosystem-religion, geographical identity, ethnicity (racialized or marginalized), music

    • Chronosystem-macro level stuff specific to a historical time period (era of smartphones, airplane travel, COVID-19 pandemic, the Great Depression)

    • Could include an evolution of health like sleep, nutrition

    • Didn’t account for influencing outwards

  • Psychosexual developmental

    • Sigmund Freud

    • How we resolve unconscious desires

    • Achieve pleasure and satisfaction

  • Morality

    • Lawrence Kohlberg

    • How we decide what is right and wrong

    • Heinz dilemma

      • Small, isolated village and had a spouse, pharmacist with cure and only option is to steal it to save your spouse or letting your spouse die

  • Physical development

    • Physiological understanding of development

    • Motor development (CNS to PNS)

    • Ability to move and coordination

    • Growth patterns

      • Cephalocaudal-head to tail-head biggest eventually legs get bigger

      • Proximodistal-vital organs and outward (arms last)

      • Differentiation-specialization-stem cells, human eyes (light sensors, cornea, lens, etc), grasping (flapper, sock puppet, pincher)

  • Cognition

    • Jean Piaget

    • “Mommy blogger”

    • Recognize patterns

    • Thoughts and understanding

    • Problem solving

    • Perspective taking

    • Mental understanding

  • Attachment

    • Emotional bonds with others

    • Mary Ainsworth

    • Relationships (secure, avoidant, anxious)

  • Psychosocial development

    • Erik Erikson

    • Social bonds, less emotional

    • Unconscious conflict

    • Step-like pathway

    • Trust or not, married or single

    • Can go back down the stairs

Prenatal development

Physical standpoint

  • Zygote-2 weeks

    • Not yet connected to parents bloodstream-can still get drunk because not attached to bloodstream

  • Embryo-2.5 months

    • Dangerous stuff happens ie. Miscarriage

    • Specialization occurs

    • Most sensitive to toxins and chemicals

  • Fetus-6 months

    • No further specialization

    • Growth and maturation

  • Teratogens

    • Can harm the offspring

    • Disease (HIV, syphillis, rubella, Zika (microencphaly), STDs, etc.), drugs (cocaine, alcohol, heroin, nicotine, aspirin, anti-depressants), toxic chemicals (household cleaners, sun, lead, mercury (fish), pesticides)

  • Trimesters are parent-centred

13/01/2023

Infancy (0-3 years)

  • Physical

    • 7.5lbs +/- 1.25 lbs

      • Normal distribution

      • SD=1.25lbs

      • ~68% of population (1SD)

      • ~95% of population (2SD)

      • <5lbs, could not be fully developed/not stable on its own/not enough fat for temp regulation, genetic atypicality linked to disorder

      • 10lbs, risk of infantile diabetes, pituitary gland issues

  • Brain maturation

    • Reflexes, cough/sneeze

  • Body proportions

  • Sleep and rest

  • Newborn reflexes

    • Babinski-stroke the bottom of the foot (spread toes)

    • Moro-startle (arms out and arch back, balance and inner ear)

    • Palmar-grasping

    • Rooting-touch cheek (turn head towards the side, allows to find nipple)

    • Sucking-hard to drink from nipple or baby bottle

  • Motor development

    • Lift head-1 month

    • Lift chest-2 months

    • Reach-3 months (intent/coordination)

    • Sit with support-4 months (abdominal and back muscles)

    • Hold objects-5 months (flapper/sock puppet)

    • Sit alone-6 months (requires longer legs, not just muscles)

    • Crawl-7-9 months (knee scooting, butt scooting)

    • Stand with help-8-11 months

    • Walk-12 months

    • Hop/stairs/walk backwards-2 years+

  • Psychosexual

    • Oral (0-2 years)

      • Pleasure and comfort through mouth

      • If insufficient could bite nails, smoke, chew gum

    • Anal (2-3 years)

      • Control and shame

      • Anxious about making mistakes and tense up physically

  • Psychosocial

    • Trust vs mistrust (0-1 years)

      • Meeting needs and learn to trust people

    • Autonomy vs doubt (2-3 years)

      • Dress themselves, feed themselves, independence

      • Helicoptering leads to doubt and micromanaging

  • Attachment

    • Harry Harlow

      • Comfort and security?

      • Drink and cuddle turned out normal

      • Most time spent with cuddle mom debunking Freud

        • Stimulations of nervous system through skin to skin causes chemical response

16/01/2023

Infancy (cont.)

  • Strange Situation

    • Step 1: Care giver and infant enter research lab

    • Step 2: Infant is given time and space to explore toys

    • Step 3: Stranger enters the research lab, infant is watched for response

    • Step 4: First separation, caregiver leaves the room, stranger attempts to comfort, infant’s response is observed

    • Step 5: First reunion, caregiver enter room, infant’s response is observed, stranger leaves room

    • Step 6: second situation, caregiver leave room, infant’s response is observed

    • Step 7: stranger enters, stranger attempts to comfort

    • Step 8: second reunion, caregiver enters room, infant response is observed

    • Attachment types

      • Secure: separation=upset, reunion=comforted

      • Avoidant: indifferent

        • Can be normal and adaptive response

      • Anxious: separation=distressed, reunion=hostile

      • Disorganized

        • Doesn’t show one of the three patterns

        • Red flag-doesn’t know what to expect

        • Unpredictable relationship, can be a sign of abuse and neglect

        • Could be a sign of developmental issue

  • Cognitive

    • Sensorimotor stage-responses

      • Exploring the environment

        • Cause and effect

        • Ex. Kick crib=mobile moves—motor=sensation

        • Cannot spoil an infant with attention

      • Imitation

        • Less than 4 months will attempt to imitate individual

        • 9-12 months do so voluntarily

      • Object permanence

        • Less than 6 months don’t have it

        • Ex. tracking ball behind object, look longer if wrong colour ball comes out

        • Have a sense of physics

Early Childhood (Ages 3-6)

  • Imagination

  • Morality

    • Pre-conventional stages 1/2

      • “I don’t want to get in trouble/I want to get rewarded”

      • Avoiding punishments/towards rewards

  • Psychosexual (Ages 3-7)

    • Phalic

    • Social somparisons

    • Oedipus (ie. Freud had a thing for his Mom)

    • Penis envy (ie. Girls find out men have penises and think they’re missing something)

  • Psychosocial (ages 3-6)

    • Initiative vs guilt

    • Can you invite yourself to play

  • Cognitive

    • Pre-operational stage

      • Symbolism • 2=two things, two fingers

        • Drawn flower is a symbol for a flower

        • Can understand and read maps

      • Ego-centrism

        • Think everyone sees what they see

        • Hide behind hands since they cant see you

      • Centred thinking

        • Sort by suit/number

    • Conservation

      • Volume (focus on height and think you’re making more liquid)

      • Number (can count, but feel like there’s more, length over quantity)

      • Length (only ending to see if longer, vary based on reading left to right or right to left)

18/01/2023

Late Childhood (Ages 7-11, grades 1-5, roughly)

  • Morality

    • Conventional stages 3/4

      • “I want to fit in with others/I want to follow the rules”

      • Be good to spouse/people don’t steal

      • Religious rules/family rules/Canadian laws

      • Would steal because you made a vow

  • Attachment

    • Parent-child attachment influences

      • Teacher-child relationships

      • Friendship

      • Influences default-type relationship you will form with others

  • Psychosocial

    • Industriousness vs inferiority (Ages 7-11)

    • Sense of self which can be good or bad

      • Industriousness, gold stars, do good on tests

      • Inferiority- ADHD, learning disability, teacher or classmates label as bad

        • Follow their labels

      • Teachers told they have good classes, did well, told they were a problem, did bad

  • Cognition

    • Concrete operational stage

      • Conservation

      • Math operations

        • Can do without manipulatives

      • Logic problems

        • Tower of Hanoi

        • Riverboat

    • Reversibility

Adolescence (Ages 12-18)

  • Physical

    • Puberty

      • Growth spurt

      • Menarche (~11.5 year)

      • Semenarche (~13.5 years)

      • Secondary sex characteristics

  • Psychosexual

    • Genital stage (11 years+)

      • Sexuality

      • Can feel guilty about sex or be turned on by “dirty talk” because it feels dirty

  • Psychosocial

    • Identity vs confusion

      • Different extracurricular, think about future, group of friends (cliques)

      • If do not find identity, get confused

  • Cognition

    • Formal operational

      • Abstract reasoning

        • Advanced math that you cannot draw

      • Hypothetical thinking

        • “If, then” statements which don’t make sense

        • If you hit a glass with a feather it will break, what will happen if you hit a glass with a feather

        • If you could have a 3rd eye where would it be

      • Deductive reasoning

        • Solving problems without trial and error

          • Looking at previous attempts

    • Adolescent egocentrism

      • Imaginary audience

        • “everyone is looking at me”

      • Invincibility

        • They’re not going to have the bad stuff happen to them, it happens to other people

      • Importance

        • Gonna be a rockstar

        • Gonna win the contest

Emerging adulthood (Ages 18-25ish)

  • Morality

    • Post-conventional stages 5/6

      • “I owe it to them/I know it is the right thing”

  • Cognition

    • Cognitive peak

      • Brain development

      • Pathways matured

      • At 25 you plateau your level of idiocracy

  • Psychosocial (18-30ish)

    • Intimacy vs isolation

    • Forefront of their mind

  • Attachment

    • Romantic relationship

      • Jealousy

      • Fear of commitment

      • Trust

    • Transfers to romantic relationship from other relationships, unless traumatic event

    • One reliable support person regardless of relationship (even a pet), can flip to secure attachment

    • Break up over long distance relationships, convince them to stay, constant mistrust, jealous and possessive

    • Song examples

      • Ill be watching you-the police—-jealous/anxious insecure

      • “Im in a relationship with all my bitches yuh” avoidant attachments

      • You’re still the one

      • Barney the dinosaur

20/01/2023 Middle Adulthood (35-60)

  • Psychosocial

    • Generativity vs stagnation

      • Preoccupied with carreers or work

      • Meaningful impact

      • Could be volunteering

      • Helping next generation

      • Dead end job that doesn’t matter

  • Attachment

    • Attachment styles as parents

      • Securely attached person becomes securely attached parent

      • Firm but flexible

      • Brick wall parent-rules are rules, have to follow them

        • Avoidant person

      • Ghost parent-absentee

        • Avoidant person

      • Helicopter/steamroller parents-ensure safety no matter what

        • Anxious

      • Jellyfish parents-no backbone

        • Anxious

    • Marriage & divorce

      • Attachment style may predict divorce and separation

Elder hood (60+)

  • Physical

    • Menopause

      • Oxytocin goes down so stop crying about people as much

      • Don’t put up with any shit

      • Menopause/puberty at the same time is fighting central

    • Andropause

      • Testosterone drops

      • Sentimental/mushy

      • Cuddly

  • Psychosocial

    • Integrity vs despair

      • Look back and be satisfied with your life

      • Face death’s door with integrity=satisfied life

      • Things you didn’t do=despair

PSYC 201 Unit 9

Unit 9: Human Development 11/01/2023 Preventative over reactive Wholistic Developmental theories

  • Nature vs Nurture

    • Genetics/biology/hormones

    • Environment/upbringing/experiences

  • Continuity vs discontinuity

    • Ramp vs staircase

    • Smooth/gradual, kids are little adults, continuous growth

    • Discrete stages and phases, qualitatively different child vs adult

      • Chrysalis vs butterfly distinctly discontinuous

      • Puberty??

      • Qualitative phase-like shift about who you have to care about

    • May explain as discontinuous but be continuous

    • May see stashes but at a molecular level it is gradual and linked, realized at specific milestones

  • Ecological Model

    • Urie Bronfenbrenner

    • Cannot statistically test it but isn’t very disputed

    • What influences a child

    • Child level factors-Innermost ring is nature (sex at birth, intelligence, health)

    • Micro system-regular direct contact with children (constant influence-parents, teachers, friends) influence through modelling, rewards, and more

    • Mesosystem-direct interaction between people and themselves (relationship between Mom & Dad, between coach and teacher, between friends, etc.)

    • Exosystem-indirect influences (people you don’t talk to in class but are still there, atmosphere of neighbourhood can impact you even if you don’t know everyone)

    • Macrosystem-religion, geographical identity, ethnicity (racialized or marginalized), music

    • Chronosystem-macro level stuff specific to a historical time period (era of smartphones, airplane travel, COVID-19 pandemic, the Great Depression)

    • Could include an evolution of health like sleep, nutrition

    • Didn’t account for influencing outwards

  • Psychosexual developmental

    • Sigmund Freud

    • How we resolve unconscious desires

    • Achieve pleasure and satisfaction

  • Morality

    • Lawrence Kohlberg

    • How we decide what is right and wrong

    • Heinz dilemma

      • Small, isolated village and had a spouse, pharmacist with cure and only option is to steal it to save your spouse or letting your spouse die

  • Physical development

    • Physiological understanding of development

    • Motor development (CNS to PNS)

    • Ability to move and coordination

    • Growth patterns

      • Cephalocaudal-head to tail-head biggest eventually legs get bigger

      • Proximodistal-vital organs and outward (arms last)

      • Differentiation-specialization-stem cells, human eyes (light sensors, cornea, lens, etc), grasping (flapper, sock puppet, pincher)

  • Cognition

    • Jean Piaget

    • “Mommy blogger”

    • Recognize patterns

    • Thoughts and understanding

    • Problem solving

    • Perspective taking

    • Mental understanding

  • Attachment

    • Emotional bonds with others

    • Mary Ainsworth

    • Relationships (secure, avoidant, anxious)

  • Psychosocial development

    • Erik Erikson

    • Social bonds, less emotional

    • Unconscious conflict

    • Step-like pathway

    • Trust or not, married or single

    • Can go back down the stairs

Prenatal development

Physical standpoint

  • Zygote-2 weeks

    • Not yet connected to parents bloodstream-can still get drunk because not attached to bloodstream

  • Embryo-2.5 months

    • Dangerous stuff happens ie. Miscarriage

    • Specialization occurs

    • Most sensitive to toxins and chemicals

  • Fetus-6 months

    • No further specialization

    • Growth and maturation

  • Teratogens

    • Can harm the offspring

    • Disease (HIV, syphillis, rubella, Zika (microencphaly), STDs, etc.), drugs (cocaine, alcohol, heroin, nicotine, aspirin, anti-depressants), toxic chemicals (household cleaners, sun, lead, mercury (fish), pesticides)

  • Trimesters are parent-centred

13/01/2023

Infancy (0-3 years)

  • Physical

    • 7.5lbs +/- 1.25 lbs

      • Normal distribution

      • SD=1.25lbs

      • ~68% of population (1SD)

      • ~95% of population (2SD)

      • <5lbs, could not be fully developed/not stable on its own/not enough fat for temp regulation, genetic atypicality linked to disorder

      • 10lbs, risk of infantile diabetes, pituitary gland issues

  • Brain maturation

    • Reflexes, cough/sneeze

  • Body proportions

  • Sleep and rest

  • Newborn reflexes

    • Babinski-stroke the bottom of the foot (spread toes)

    • Moro-startle (arms out and arch back, balance and inner ear)

    • Palmar-grasping

    • Rooting-touch cheek (turn head towards the side, allows to find nipple)

    • Sucking-hard to drink from nipple or baby bottle

  • Motor development

    • Lift head-1 month

    • Lift chest-2 months

    • Reach-3 months (intent/coordination)

    • Sit with support-4 months (abdominal and back muscles)

    • Hold objects-5 months (flapper/sock puppet)

    • Sit alone-6 months (requires longer legs, not just muscles)

    • Crawl-7-9 months (knee scooting, butt scooting)

    • Stand with help-8-11 months

    • Walk-12 months

    • Hop/stairs/walk backwards-2 years+

  • Psychosexual

    • Oral (0-2 years)

      • Pleasure and comfort through mouth

      • If insufficient could bite nails, smoke, chew gum

    • Anal (2-3 years)

      • Control and shame

      • Anxious about making mistakes and tense up physically

  • Psychosocial

    • Trust vs mistrust (0-1 years)

      • Meeting needs and learn to trust people

    • Autonomy vs doubt (2-3 years)

      • Dress themselves, feed themselves, independence

      • Helicoptering leads to doubt and micromanaging

  • Attachment

    • Harry Harlow

      • Comfort and security?

      • Drink and cuddle turned out normal

      • Most time spent with cuddle mom debunking Freud

        • Stimulations of nervous system through skin to skin causes chemical response

16/01/2023

Infancy (cont.)

  • Strange Situation

    • Step 1: Care giver and infant enter research lab

    • Step 2: Infant is given time and space to explore toys

    • Step 3: Stranger enters the research lab, infant is watched for response

    • Step 4: First separation, caregiver leaves the room, stranger attempts to comfort, infant’s response is observed

    • Step 5: First reunion, caregiver enter room, infant’s response is observed, stranger leaves room

    • Step 6: second situation, caregiver leave room, infant’s response is observed

    • Step 7: stranger enters, stranger attempts to comfort

    • Step 8: second reunion, caregiver enters room, infant response is observed

    • Attachment types

      • Secure: separation=upset, reunion=comforted

      • Avoidant: indifferent

        • Can be normal and adaptive response

      • Anxious: separation=distressed, reunion=hostile

      • Disorganized

        • Doesn’t show one of the three patterns

        • Red flag-doesn’t know what to expect

        • Unpredictable relationship, can be a sign of abuse and neglect

        • Could be a sign of developmental issue

  • Cognitive

    • Sensorimotor stage-responses

      • Exploring the environment

        • Cause and effect

        • Ex. Kick crib=mobile moves—motor=sensation

        • Cannot spoil an infant with attention

      • Imitation

        • Less than 4 months will attempt to imitate individual

        • 9-12 months do so voluntarily

      • Object permanence

        • Less than 6 months don’t have it

        • Ex. tracking ball behind object, look longer if wrong colour ball comes out

        • Have a sense of physics

Early Childhood (Ages 3-6)

  • Imagination

  • Morality

    • Pre-conventional stages 1/2

      • “I don’t want to get in trouble/I want to get rewarded”

      • Avoiding punishments/towards rewards

  • Psychosexual (Ages 3-7)

    • Phalic

    • Social somparisons

    • Oedipus (ie. Freud had a thing for his Mom)

    • Penis envy (ie. Girls find out men have penises and think they’re missing something)

  • Psychosocial (ages 3-6)

    • Initiative vs guilt

    • Can you invite yourself to play

  • Cognitive

    • Pre-operational stage

      • Symbolism • 2=two things, two fingers

        • Drawn flower is a symbol for a flower

        • Can understand and read maps

      • Ego-centrism

        • Think everyone sees what they see

        • Hide behind hands since they cant see you

      • Centred thinking

        • Sort by suit/number

    • Conservation

      • Volume (focus on height and think you’re making more liquid)

      • Number (can count, but feel like there’s more, length over quantity)

      • Length (only ending to see if longer, vary based on reading left to right or right to left)

18/01/2023

Late Childhood (Ages 7-11, grades 1-5, roughly)

  • Morality

    • Conventional stages 3/4

      • “I want to fit in with others/I want to follow the rules”

      • Be good to spouse/people don’t steal

      • Religious rules/family rules/Canadian laws

      • Would steal because you made a vow

  • Attachment

    • Parent-child attachment influences

      • Teacher-child relationships

      • Friendship

      • Influences default-type relationship you will form with others

  • Psychosocial

    • Industriousness vs inferiority (Ages 7-11)

    • Sense of self which can be good or bad

      • Industriousness, gold stars, do good on tests

      • Inferiority- ADHD, learning disability, teacher or classmates label as bad

        • Follow their labels

      • Teachers told they have good classes, did well, told they were a problem, did bad

  • Cognition

    • Concrete operational stage

      • Conservation

      • Math operations

        • Can do without manipulatives

      • Logic problems

        • Tower of Hanoi

        • Riverboat

    • Reversibility

Adolescence (Ages 12-18)

  • Physical

    • Puberty

      • Growth spurt

      • Menarche (~11.5 year)

      • Semenarche (~13.5 years)

      • Secondary sex characteristics

  • Psychosexual

    • Genital stage (11 years+)

      • Sexuality

      • Can feel guilty about sex or be turned on by “dirty talk” because it feels dirty

  • Psychosocial

    • Identity vs confusion

      • Different extracurricular, think about future, group of friends (cliques)

      • If do not find identity, get confused

  • Cognition

    • Formal operational

      • Abstract reasoning

        • Advanced math that you cannot draw

      • Hypothetical thinking

        • “If, then” statements which don’t make sense

        • If you hit a glass with a feather it will break, what will happen if you hit a glass with a feather

        • If you could have a 3rd eye where would it be

      • Deductive reasoning

        • Solving problems without trial and error

          • Looking at previous attempts

    • Adolescent egocentrism

      • Imaginary audience

        • “everyone is looking at me”

      • Invincibility

        • They’re not going to have the bad stuff happen to them, it happens to other people

      • Importance

        • Gonna be a rockstar

        • Gonna win the contest

Emerging adulthood (Ages 18-25ish)

  • Morality

    • Post-conventional stages 5/6

      • “I owe it to them/I know it is the right thing”

  • Cognition

    • Cognitive peak

      • Brain development

      • Pathways matured

      • At 25 you plateau your level of idiocracy

  • Psychosocial (18-30ish)

    • Intimacy vs isolation

    • Forefront of their mind

  • Attachment

    • Romantic relationship

      • Jealousy

      • Fear of commitment

      • Trust

    • Transfers to romantic relationship from other relationships, unless traumatic event

    • One reliable support person regardless of relationship (even a pet), can flip to secure attachment

    • Break up over long distance relationships, convince them to stay, constant mistrust, jealous and possessive

    • Song examples

      • Ill be watching you-the police—-jealous/anxious insecure

      • “Im in a relationship with all my bitches yuh” avoidant attachments

      • You’re still the one

      • Barney the dinosaur

20/01/2023 Middle Adulthood (35-60)

  • Psychosocial

    • Generativity vs stagnation

      • Preoccupied with carreers or work

      • Meaningful impact

      • Could be volunteering

      • Helping next generation

      • Dead end job that doesn’t matter

  • Attachment

    • Attachment styles as parents

      • Securely attached person becomes securely attached parent

      • Firm but flexible

      • Brick wall parent-rules are rules, have to follow them

        • Avoidant person

      • Ghost parent-absentee

        • Avoidant person

      • Helicopter/steamroller parents-ensure safety no matter what

        • Anxious

      • Jellyfish parents-no backbone

        • Anxious

    • Marriage & divorce

      • Attachment style may predict divorce and separation

Elder hood (60+)

  • Physical

    • Menopause

      • Oxytocin goes down so stop crying about people as much

      • Don’t put up with any shit

      • Menopause/puberty at the same time is fighting central

    • Andropause

      • Testosterone drops

      • Sentimental/mushy

      • Cuddly

  • Psychosocial

    • Integrity vs despair

      • Look back and be satisfied with your life

      • Face death’s door with integrity=satisfied life

      • Things you didn’t do=despair

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