Chapter 13 McGraw Hill Q&A Notes

Chapter 13 Notes

Which is the total DNA present in the nucleus of each cell of an organism?

Genome

Which is an enzyme that recognizes and binds to specific DNA sequences and cleaves the DNA within that sequence?

Restriction enzyme

Which statements about restriction enzymes are true?

When the restriction enzyme cleaves genomic DNA, it creates fragments of different sizes that are unique to every individual. Restriction enzymes are used to isolate specific genes or regions of the genome.

Which is technology that involves manipulating the DNA of one organism in order to insert exogenous DNA (the DNA of another organism)?

Genetic engineering

An electric current is used to separate DNA fragments according to the size of the fragments in a process called

gel electrophoresis

An organism’s genome is the total DNA present in the nucleus of each cell.

Which is a newly generated DNA molecule, with DNA from different sources?

Recombinant DNA

A restriction enzyme is an enzyme that recognizes and binds to specific DNA sequences and cleaves the DNA within that sequence.

A plasmid is a small, circular, double stranded DNA molecule that occurs naturally in bacteria and yeast cells.

How are restriction enzymes used in genetic engineering?

Restriction enzymes are used to isolate specific genes or regions of the genome.

statements about EcoRI that are true.

The ends of the DNA fragments created by EcoRI are called sticky ends because they contain single-stranded DNA that is complementary. EcoRI specifically cuts DNA containing the sequence GAATTC.

An enzyme normally used by cells in DNA repair and replication, called DNA Ligase can be used to join two DNA fragments chemically.

A newly generated DNA molecule, with DNA from different sources, is called recombinant DNA.

Which is a small, circular, double stranded DNA molecule that occurs naturally in bacteria and yeast cells?

Plasmids

Through which process do some bacterial cells take up the recombinant plasmid DNA?

Transformation

Which is an enzyme normally used by cells in DNA repair and replication that can be used to join two DNA fragments chemically?

DNA Ligase

Through which process are large numbers of identical recombinant DNA molecules produced?

Cloning

True about Recombinant DNA

If a plasmid and a DNA fragment from another genome have been cleaved by the same restriction enzyme, the ends of each fragment can be combined. A recombinant plasmid DNA molecule can be inserted into a host cell so that large quantities of this type of recombinant DNA can be made. Recombinant DNA consists of DNA from different sources.

Statements about DNA sequencing that are true.

A small amount of each nucleotide is tagged with a different color of fluorescent dye, which also modifies the structure of the nucleotide.

The sequence of the original DNA template is determined from the order of the tagged fragments.

Scientists mix an unknown DNA fragment, DNA polymerase, and the four nucleotides—A, C, G, T—in a tube.

The sequencing reaction is complete when the tagged DNA fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis.

All of the following statements about cloning are true except:

a short electric pulse or a brief rise in temperature closes any openings in the plasma membrane of a bacterial cell

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be used to make millions of copies of a specific region of a DNA fragment.

Which is the first step in PCR?

The DNA fragment to be copied, DNA polymerase, the four DNA nucleotides, and two short primers are placed in a tube which is then heated.

Cloning steps:

Bacterial cells are mixed with recombinant plasmid DNA.
Some of the bacterial cells take up the recombinant plasmid DNA through transformation.
The bacterial cells make copies of the recombinant plasmid DNA during cell replication.
Large numbers of identical bacteria, each containing the inserted DNA molecules, can be produced through cloning.

Steps about the second step of PCR:

A thermocycler is used to cycle the tube containing all of the components involved in PCR through various hot and cool temperatures.

When the tube is cooled, the primers can bind to each strand of the template DNA.

Heat separates the two strands of the template DNA fragment.

Statements about the first step of PCR:

The primers are complementary to the ends of the DNA fragment that will be copied and used as starting points for DNA synthesis.

The DNA fragment to be copied, DNA polymerase, the four DNA nucleotides, and two short primers are placed in a tube.

PCR begins when the tube is heated.

Which is the third step in PCR?

The process of heating, cooling, and nucleotide incorporation is repeated 20 to 40 times, resulting in millions of copies of the original fragment.

Which is the second step in PCR?

The heat separates the two strands of the template DNA fragment. When the tube is cooled, the primers can bind to each strand of the template DNA.

Which was the goal of the Human Genome Project (HGP)?

The goal of the HGP was to determine the sequence of nucleotides that make up human DNA and to identify all of the human genes.

Statements about the human genome:

Less than two percent of all of the nucleotides in the human genome code for all the proteins in the body.

Human DNA is organized into 46 chromosomes.

The genome is filled with long stretches of repeated sequences that have no direct function.

Steps involved in recombinant DNA

Cleave a plasmid and a DNA fragment from another genome using restriction enzymes.
Use DNA ligase to join the two DNA fragments chemically.
The resulting circular DNA molecule contains the plasmid DNA and the DNA fragment isolated from another genome.

Which involves separating these DNA fragments using gel electrophoresis in order to observe the distinct bandingpatterns that are unique to every individual?

DNA Fingerprinting

Forensic scientists use DNA fingerprinting for all of the following except:

to study the evolution of genes

Third step in PCR:

This process of heating, cooling, and nucleotide incorporation is repeated 20 to 40 times, resulting in millions of copies of the original fragment.

Each primer is made to bind to one strand of the DNA fragment.

Once the primers are bound, DNA polymerase incorporates the correct nucleotides between the two primers as in DNA replication.

statements about the Human Genome Project (HGP) are true:

Studies in nonhuman organisms help to develop the technology required to handle the large amounts of data produced by the Human Genome Project.

The goal of the HGP was to determine the sequence of nucleotides that make up human DNA and to identify all of the human genes.

The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international project that was completed in 200

Bioinformatics is the field of study that involves creating and maintaining databases of biological information.

True or false: Less than two percent of all of the nucleotides in the human genome code for all the proteins in the body. This means the genome is filled with long stretches of repeated sequences that have no direct function.

DNA fingerprinting involves separating these DNA fragments using gel electrophoresis in order to observe the distinct banding patterns that are unique to every individual.

Genomics is the study of an organism’s genome.

The large-scale study and cataloging of the structure and function of proteins in the human body is called Proteomics

Which is the field of study that involves creating and maintaining databases of biological information?

Bioinformatics

Which statements about proteomics are true?

Proteomics lets researchers look at hundreds or thousands of proteins at the same time, helping them to better define both normal and disease states.

Scientists think that proteomics will lead to the development of new drugs to treat diseases such as Type II diabetes, obesity, and atherosclerosis.

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