Knowt
Note
Studied by 24 people
MIDTERM
02.FOUNDING IDEALS
EQ: What are the five founding ideals? Why are they important?
What is an ideal?
a perfect standard that people strive to attain
it doesn’t mean that they necessarily achieve it fully
When writing the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson drew upon John Locke’s ideas about government.
Jefferson articulated in the Declaration five ideals: rights, liberty, equality, opportunity, and democracy.
Jefferson explained that the reason governments existed was to protect the rights that everyone is born with (liberty and opportunity). We are all equal. When a government can no longer protect people’s rights, people are entitled to get rid of it (rebel/revolt) and set up one that can deliver protection of those rights.
Jefferson believed that governments get their authority from the people they govern.
The five ideals did not just appear when Thomas Jefferson wrote them down in the Declaration. Colonists in North America already had experiences that shaped them.
House of Burgesses in Virginia (1619): democracy- an early form of representative government in the colonies
The Mayflower Compact (1620): democracy- an early form of representative government in the colonies
New England Town Meetings: democracy- an early form of representative government in the colonies
The Fundamentals Orders of Connecticut (1639): democracy- an early form of representative government in the colonies
The Albany Plan of Union (1754): democracy- working together for the good of all
Act of Religious Toleration (1649)
The Zenger Trial (1735): rights and liberty- freedom of the press
The reason colonial governments existed before the French and Indian War was due to the British government’s practice of “healthy ignoring” of colonial practices= salutary neglect
Great Britain INTENTIONALLY relaxed laws and regulations about taxes and self-government to keep the colonies happy
Mercantilism: the economic system of the American colonies under British rule
The American colonies produced raw materials for the mother country, Great Britain. The colonies also gave Great Britain an outlet for exports.
It had many negative effects on the colonists
Taxes: The colonists had to pay taxes on imports and exports
Trade restrictions: The colonists were restricted from competing with British manufacturers and were required to trade with English ships
Environment and geography shaped the economies of the three colonial regions (New England, Middle, and Southern). Because the geographies of each region were different, so were their economies.
For example, New England's natural harbors led to shipbuilding and maritime trade.
Middle colonies had land suitable for growing grains
Southern colonies had warm, humid summers that made cash crops possible.
People became indentured servants to pay their way by boat to the colonies. After several years of working for someone else, they were free and could obtain land.
Native Americans were decimated by diseases the European colonists unwittingly passed on to them.
04.COLONIAL ROOTS
EQ: How did the colonial period help to shape America’s five founding ideals?
4.1 Limited Liberty, Opportunity, and Equality
For some people in the American colonies, life was a POSITIVE change (liberty, equality, opportunity)
For others, it was a NEGATIVE change (suffering and enslavement)
The Lure of the American Colonies
The US was founded in different ways
A private trading company founded Virginia
Pennsylvania was founded by proprietors (owners who got $ from the king)
New York was founded by the Dutch → to make $$
People came for different reasons (for example: religious freedom)
LAND OWNERSHIP = power and opportunity
NEGATIVELY AFFECTED AMERICAN INDIANS AND ENSLAVED AFRICANS
American Indians Suffer from Colonization
Land was already occupied by American Indians
Initially, it was a GOOD relationship= they learned things from each other
Turned BAD= Europeans brought disease, unfair agreements, war
Settlers didn’t treat Indians equally
Freedom for Some, Slavery for Others
Landowners met their labor needs through contracts with indentured servants.
Small numbers of Africans were brought to the colonies as indentured servants, and most Africans were brought as enslaved people.
Every colony legalized slavery
Slavery began for economic reasons, and it became rooted in racism
Freedom did not establish equality because, like American Indians, Blacks were viewed as inferior to Whites
05.COLONISTS REVOLT
EQ: Were the American colonists justified (having an explanation for) in rebelling against British rule?
Loyalists: people living in the colonies that were LOYAL to the King and Great Britain
Patriots: people living in the colonies who wanted INDEPENDENCE from Great Britain
Moderates: people living in the colonies who were in between, indifferent
Battle of Saratoga: the decisive American victory in 1777 that was a major turning point in the revolution, prompting France and Spain to enter the war against Britain
Battle of Yorktown: the American victory in 1781 that ended the revolution
Olive Branch Petition was extended to King George to RECONCILE (make peace)
King George rejects this!
A committee was set up to write a “Declaration” that listed the reasons the colonists left the British Empire.
Vote on July 2, 1776, Formal approval on July 4th, 1776 (Independence Day!)
06.AoC to CONSTITUTION
EQ: What is the proper role of a national government?
Articles of Confederation
Government on the fly! (They had to come up with something!)
Proposed in 1777; ratified in 1781 (2 years before the end of war)
Called a “league of friendship.”
This kept the relationships between the states loose on purpos.e
Very similar to Benjamin Franklin’s Albany Plan of Union
Problems emerged, showing that the Articles needed revision because the federal/national/central government was too weak and the individual states had too much power.
Shay’s Rebellion (Sept. 1786):
Rebellion in Massachusetts to protest harsh economic conditions for farmers.
Congress did not have the funds to help Massachusetts, so the state had to put down the rebellion by itself.
Highlights the weakness of the confederation/AOC.
Q1: In what ways are state constitutions similar to one another? How are they different?
How are the states similar?
Their state constitutions all began with a statement of rights, which guided founding ideals.
Slavery was legal in all the states.
All the state constitutions separated powers into judicial, executive, and legislative.
Governments were typically established by rich, white men.
How are the states different?
States are different because New Jersey gave voting rights to women and African Americans who owned property.
Q2: Why were the Articles of Confederation written? What potential shortcomings did they have?
Congress was trying to decide how the country should be governed.
People feared a powerful national government. They set up a loose confederation of states.
Shortcomings:
No authority over colonial legislatures.
No power to raise taxes.
Hard to raise money for soldiers and supplies in the war effort.
No executive or judicial branches.
Q3: What was the Land Ordinance of 1785? How might it benefit Americans?
Land Ordinance of 1785: System for surveying and dividing land in a new territory.
36 numbered sections of 1 square mile each.
Section 16: reserved for schools.
Q4: What effect did the Northwest Ordinance have on the spread of slavery?
Northwest Ordinance: specified how western lands would be governed.
Land was divided into 3 to 5 territories.
Once a territory got 5000 adult men, they could set up a legislature.
At 60,000 inhabitants, they could form a constitution. Congress would vote on making the territory a state.
Each new state had to be equal with existing states.
Slavery to be BANNED in the Northwest Territory.
Land Ordinance 1785: how to parcel out land into townships.
Northwest Territory 1787: how territories become new states
Federalists agreed to the AMENDMENTS (Bill of Rights) to ensure that Virginia and New York would ratify the Constitution.
Federalists pledged to support a BILL OF RIGHTS as soon as the Constitution passed.
Rhode Island was last (1790)
The new government (The Constitution) started in 1789.
07.Constitution
EQ: Does the Constitution support the ideals in the Declaration of Independence?
CONGRESS
Impeachment: Congress’s power to charge executive and judicial branch officials with wrongdoing and remove them from office (Article 2, Section 4 of the Constitution)
Impeachment is a 2-step process.
First: The House of Representatives impeaches (charges) an official with a simple majority (over 50%)
Second: The Senate needs ⅔ majority to remove an official
Who can be impeached?
President, Vice President, all judges, and members of a President’s cabinet
What can you be impeached for?
Treason, bribery, or “other high crimes and misdemeanors.”
08.CHANGES IN A NEW NATION
EQ: Did changes in the young nation open the door to opportunity for all Americans?
President George Washington (1789-1797)
1st president of the US
Set many precedents:
Creation of the first cabinet
Two-term presidency
National Bank
Veto
Whiskey Rebellion (1791): first challenge to the national government under the Constitution; a violent protest against a new tax on whiskey by Pennsylvania farmers; Washington used the national army to put down the rebellion and show the federal government's power
Washington’s Farewell Address
Warned against political parties
Encouraged a policy of Neutrality- warned the US to stay neutral (stay out of wars with other countries)
Formation of Political Parties
Election of 1828 → US became more democratic- voting became fairer and included more people
Property requirements dropped in states (no longer needed to own land to vote)
Secret ballots, instead of voice-vote (vote aloud)
Open national conventions, NOT closed party meetings.
President Jackson- “President of the Common Man”
Spoils System: the president awards supporters with government jobs
Jackson’s Indian Policy:
Cherokee tribes take the state of Georgia to court= Supreme Court case Worcester v. Georgia
Supreme Court decision: Native Americans do have the right to land. They cannot be forced to sell their land to the state.
Jackson ignored the decision and refused to enforce it.
Conflicts during Jackson’s presidency:
Indian Removal Act (1830): a law that allowed President Andrew Jackson to negotiate treaties with Native American tribes to relocate them from their homelands in the east to unsettled lands in the west
Authorized the president (Jackson) to grant lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for Indian lands within existing state borders. A few tribes went peacefully, but many resisted the relocation policy.
Trail of Tears: a forced migration of approximately 60,000 Native Americans from the "Five Civilized Tribes" and thousands of enslaved African Americans between 1830 and 1850
Nullification Crisis: a constitutional crisis between the federal government and the state of South Carolina that occurred in 1832–1833. The crisis was caused by the Tariff of 1828, which raised taxes on imported goods to protect American manufacturing. The tariff was unpopular in the South, especially with the cotton and tobacco industries.
1832, President Andrew Jackson issued a proclamation that asserted the supremacy of the federal government. He threatened military force against states that resisted the tariff.
Bank Wars
Territorial Acquisitions (1783-1853)
Louisiana Purchase- bought from France for $15 million (1803)
Florida- forced purchase from Spain (1821)
Texas Annexed- triggers a war with Mexico (1845)
Oregon Country- treaty with Great Britain (1846)
Mexican Cession- Southwest Territory (1848)
Gadsden Purchase- bought from Mexico (1853)
Infrastructure:
National Road (1811-1839)
Erie Canal (1825)- connected the Atlantic Ocean and NYC to the Midwest/Ohio River Valley.
Railroads- over 40 years, railroads replaced roads and canals as the main method of transporting goods and people.
Sectionalism- the interests of a region over those of a country as a whole
American System: Henry Clay’s (senator from Kentucky) plan for strengthening and unifying the US
Ties the different sections together economically
Protective tariffs
Supported the National Bank
Improve infrastructure and connect the US with roads, canals, and railroads.
South and West provide agricultural goods.
North provides industrial goods and banking services.
Second Great Awakening (1795-1835)- Protestant religious revival in the United States during the late 18th to early 19th century. It spread religion through emotional preaching and sparked several reform movements.
Christians worked for social justice.
Urged/empowered the average person to work for reform (help others)…there’s a MORAL justification to do so.
Reform Movements inspired by the 2nd Great Awakening:
Abolitionism: a social reform movement that sought to end slavery and free enslaved people
Women’s Suffrage: gain the right to vote for women
Temperance: a social reform movement that first urged moderation, then encouraged drinkers to help each other to resist temptation, and ultimately demanded that local, state, and national governments prohibit alcohol outright.
Important Reformers/Progressives
Dorothea Dix: prisoners and mentally ill
Horace Mann: public educator
Lyman Beecher (American Temperance Union): trained people in other reform movements
Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony: women’s rights
Seneca Falls Convention: the first woman's rights convention in the US (1848)
Declaration of Sentiments: document signed by the attendees at the first woman's rights convention, based on the Declaration of Independence
Sojourner Truth: abolitionism & women’s rights
William Lloyd Garrison: abolitionism (anti-slavery newspaper The Liberator)
09.DIVIDING NATION
EQ: Was the Civil War inevitable?
10.CIVIL WAR
EQ: How did the Civil War affect the United States and its people?
Civil War Starts- July 18, 1861, First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas Junction, Virginia)
Civil War Ends- On April 9, 1865, the Confederate army surrendered to the Union (Appomattox Court House, Virginia)
Union President: Abraham Lincoln
Union General: Ulysses S Grant
Confederate President: Jefferson Davis
Confederate General: Robert E. Lee
The Emancipation Proclamation Changes Union War Aims
Lincoln knew that calling for the end of slavery would link the war to a moral cause in the North.
It would also win support in Europe, where opposition to slavery was strong.
Freeing people from enslavement could also deprive the South of part of its workforce.
Lincoln's reasons for freeing the slaves in the South
Became a moral cause for the war in the North. (fighting to end slavery, not just fighting over state’s rights)
It would win support in Europe, where opposition to slavery was strong...especially in Britain.
Could deprive the South of its labor force
Battle of Gettysburg
Gettysburg, PA
On July 1, 1863, Lee's army of 75,000 men met a Union force of 95,000.
After 3 days and massive losses, the Confederate forces retreated.
Lee never attacked the North again and fought defensively after that.
Gettysburg was a turning point for the fortunes of the North.
The site of Gettysburg National Cemetery was dedicated on Nov 19, 1863, 4 1/2 months after the battle.
Lincoln delivered his famous "Gettysburg Address" at the dedication ceremony.
Sherman’s March to the Sea
1864 Union General Sherman captured and burned Atlanta, then continued to the coast.
This was his "March to the Sea," inflicting as much damage as possible on civilians.
He used “total war” as his military strategy against the Confederacy.
Special Order 15- Sherman’s order declared that confiscated land on the coastline from Charleston, South Carolina, to Jacksonville, Florida, be redistributed to formerly enslaved people (“40 acres and a mule”) so they could support themselves
Johnson reversed the order and returned the land to its former owners
11.Reconstruction
EQ: How committed was this country to its founding ideals during Reconstruction?
Reconstruction Background:
In his 2nd inaugural address, what was Lincoln’s attitude regarding the end of the Civil War? Rebuilding the Union
What happened on April 14, 1865? Lincoln was assassinated
Who had to take up the task of Reconstruction? Andrew Johnson (Lincoln’s vice president)
Presidential Reconstruction
13th Amendment: abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States, with the exception of punishment for a crime; made slavery illegal in the US (“1-3, the slaves are free!”)
Former Confederate states must:
Write a new state constitution
Elect a new state government
Repeal any act of secession
Ratify the 13th Amendment
Little concern for former slaves; no requirement to give freedmen the right to vote.
Freedmen's Bureau: aid association for newly freed African Americans. Provided housing, food, education, etc.
Black codes:
Prohibited from any job other than farming
Couldn’t vote, serve on juries, hold office
Congressional Reconstruction
Radical Republicans
Led by Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner
Committed to racial equality
Thought Johnson’s plan was too soft on South
CONFLICT BETWEEN Radical Republicans and President Johnson
Johnson vetoed the Civil Rights Act of 1866
Congress passes 14th Amendment
Johnson campaigns against the 14th amendment
Republicans control both houses of Congress after the 1866 election
Reconstruction Acts 1867
New process of admitting Southern states into the Union.
The South was divided into five military districts controlled by federal troops.
Election boards will register male voters- blacks and whites who are LOYAL to the Union.
Active supporters of the Confederacy would be prevented from voting.
Voters elect conventions to write new state constitutions.
Constitutions had to grant African Americans the right to vote.
Voters then elect state legislatures, which HAD to ratify the 14th Amendment.
A showdown between Johnson and Congress
Command of Army Act: limited Johnson’s power as Commander in Chief
Tenure of Office Act: The President cannot fire certain federal officials without the advice and consent of Congress
Johnson tested the Tenure of Office Act and fired Secretary of War Stanton
He was a Radical Republican appointed by Lincoln
House of Reps voted to impeach Johnson for violating the Tenure of Office Act.
At the trial in the Senate, Johnson’s lawyers said he’d stop opposing Congressional Reconstruction if they didn’t remove him.
Living Under Congressional Reconstruction
Carpetbaggers: Northerners who took advantage of opportunities in the South; traveled with bags that looked like carpets (cheap)
Scalawags: traitors, Southerners who cooperated with Union officials in hopes of improving their personal and political circumstances
In what ways did Congressional Reconstruction help African Americans?
15th Amendment gave African Americans the right to vote
African Americans were elected to state legislatures
Wrote constitutions that banned discrimination
Guaranteed Black people the right to vote
Enabled them to hold public office
New governments ratified the 14th and 15th Amendments.
Why did Southerners feel alienated from the Union?
The North was trying to take away their “way of life.”
Slavery was key to their economy.
How did the creation of the first public, tax-supported school systems in the South lead to segregation?
In order to get whites to agree to send their children to public schools, the schools were SEGREGATED (separated) by race.
How did Southerners come to oppress African Americans economically?
Sharecropping: worked a piece of someone else’s land but often were in debt to them for their whole lives; not much better than slavery
Reversing Reconstruction
Many Southern whites opposed (were against) Reconstruction
Groups like the KKK and White Brotherhood opposed Reconstruction efforts.
They opposed African-American voting.
They burned down schools.
They murdered African Americans!
Congress tried to end terror by passing the Enforcement Acts. President Grant sends in troops.
1870-1871: Northerners were tired of Reconstruction.
1872: Freedmen's Bureau was closed!
Presidential Election of 1876
Samuel Tilden (Democrat from NY) vs. Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican from Ohio)
Tilden won the popular vote, BUT he was one vote shy of Electoral Vote Majority.
Election goes to the House of Representatives!
Compromise of 1877
Southern Democrats backed Rutherford B. Hayes IN EXCHANGE FOR the end of Reconstruction!
President Hayes pulls the US military out of the Southern states.
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Plessy (African American) was forced to get off the train car that was “whites only.”
Supreme Court case that stated “separate but equal is legal.”
This remained the law of the land until 1963!!!!
Reconstruction Amendments:
13th Amendment
Ended slavery
Effect: it completes the Emancipation Proclamation because it goes beyond the Confederate states
14th Amendment
A constitutional change ratified in 1868 granted citizenship to all former slaves by declaring that anyone born in the United States was a citizen; it also extended to blacks the rights of due process of law and equal protection under the law.
All people born or naturalized in the United States are citizens; equal protection of laws for all citizens.
Effect: designed to ensure that the Dred Scott Decision can’t be used again
15th Amendment
A constitutional change was ratified in 1870, granting black males the right to vote.
Cannot prevent someone from voting because of race, color, or former slave status
Effect: angered many women’s suffragettes because they were left out
Methods used to oppress African Americans
Grandfather Clause: makes sure poor, uneducated whites aren’t excluded
Poll tax/Literacy test: keeps African Americans from voting
Jim Crow Laws: Separated African Americans from whites
Lynching: Killed by a mod, usually hanging; an act of domestic terrorism
12.THE WEST
EQ: What opportunities and conflicts emerged as Americans moved westward? (This does not just mean White Europeans!)
Great Plains
Extends to the Rocky Mountains
Less than 20 inches of rainfall per year
Home to enormous herds of buffalo hunters by Native Americans for hides and meat
Indian Removal Act (1830):
Affected “civilized tribes,” aka tribes that accepted the European ways
Placed in Indian Territory (current day Oklahoma)
Conflict and clash of cultures between nomadic tribes (Lakota-Sioux, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Comanches) and settled tribes (Cherokee).
White settlements in the West led to:
Slaughter of the main food source for nomadic tribes--buffalo.
Nomadic tribes attacked settlers.
US Army responded by attacking nomadic tribes:
Sand Creek Massacre (1864) - 150 people were slaughtered when US troops attacked the Cheyenne and Arapaho
Battle of Little Bighorn (1876) - US Cavalry wiped out by Sioux leaders, Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse.
Forced assimilation of Native Americans
Indigenous children were removed from their parents/tribes and sent to boarding schools to educate them in "white men's ways."
Dawes Act (1887): aimed to assimilate Native Americans into US society by breaking up tribal lands and encouraging Native Americans to farm
Intended to dissolve tribal lands and leadership and encourage Native Americans to become independent farmers and ranchers like white homesteaders
The government took over 90 million acres of tribal land, which was more than 60% of the remaining Native land.
Three Livelihoods in the West
1. Farming
Railroads opened the Great Plains.
Congress gave huge land grants to railroads.
Railroads sold the land to settlers.
The Great Plains became the “Wheat Belt.”
Congress passed the Homestead Act (1862)
For $10 registration, 160 acres of land were free to any citizen who was a household head.
1862-1890 600,000 people took up the Homestead Act.
2. Ranching
Cattle ranching became profitable during the Civil War.
Demand from the Union and Confederate armies drove up the price.
Railroads made bringing Western cattle to Eastern markets easy and practical.
Longhorn cattle were now bred to withstand harsh conditions (little water; rough grass)
3. Mining (gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc)
Individual miners used “placer mining”- picks, shovels, and pans for shallow deposits.
Mining companies used “quartz mining”- big machinery for digging deeper.
Populist Party:
Opposed big railroad monopolies and trusts to keep prices down for farmers.
Emerged out of the Grange Movement (farmers' social clubs)
Farmers got together to oppose railroad hauling prices: most farmers needed to ship short distances, but railroads charged high prices for "short haul" and low prices for "long haul."
Monetary policy: introduce silver along with the gold standard to create inflation.
Reasoning → all prices go up; farmers get more money for crops; they can pay back their mortgages, crop, and equipment loans faster.
Candidate for the Populist Party: William Jennings Bryan- "Farmers are being crucified on a cross of gold."
13.AGE OF INNOVATION AND INDUSTRY
EQ: Was the rise of industry good for the United States?
Horatio Alger: a 19th-century American author who wrote young adult novels about impoverished boys and their rise from humble backgrounds to middle-class security and comfort through good works
stories about hard work leading to success
“rags to riches” stories
Do and Dare: A Brave Boy’s Fight for Fortune- stories that showed that anyone can become rich
Emphasized the Puritan Work Ethic:
emphasis on hard work
self-reliance
contempt for vanity
The US government’s economic approach of the 19th century= Laissez-faire (“hands off”) approach to the economy
Believed the government should have little to no interference with business
For example, consumers/the market, not the government, should determine prices based on supply and demand.
Entrepreneur: a person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risk of a business
Jay Gould of Roxbury
started as a tanner (extremely hard labor)
got involved in railroads
tried to corner the gold market during the Grant administration
Andrew Carnegie
steel magnate (wealthy and influential person)
Scottish immigrant who started in the railroad industry
realized steel had growth potential
he earned $25 million a year, and his workers earned less than $500 a year
he outcompeted other steel companies through economies of scale
approach Andrew Carnegie adopted: vertical integration controlling business in each stage of the production and distribution process
John D. Rockefeller
created Standard Oil Trust
he retired as the richest man alive in 1896
was a major philanthropist (involved in charity work)
approach John D. Rockefeller adopted: horizontal integration or taking control over a limited part of the industry.
Entrepreneurs justified their wealth through SOCIAL DARWINISM or “survival of the fittest” for companies/businesses.
Impact on society: The poor naturally fell to the bottom
Another way entrepreneurs justified their wealth with the “GOSPEL OF WEALTH”- the wealthy owe a duty to society by practicing philanthropy (they justified their wealth by giving money to charity; a moral obligation).
14.Labor
EQ: Was the rise of industry good for American workers?
LABOR MOVEMENT of the 19th Century:
What led to the organization and participation in the “Uprising of 20,000”?
Poor conditions, low wages, long hours, unsafe working conditions
Why did Rose Schneiderman believe the working-class people had to “save themselves” through a strong working-class movement?
They tried to address issues with the companies themselves, and nothing was getting done.
Why is the labor movement in the US important?
Tactics and protest strategies are the basis of modern protest movements: mass demonstrations and strikes.
It addresses social issues in a SECULAR (non-religious way- different from the Second Great Awakening social movements).
It builds upon abolitionism and the women’s movement.
An INTERNATIONAL movement: a response to industrialism in the US and Europe.
Reflects the change in social classes and the huge differences between the rich and the poor.
Some reformers wanted SOCIALISM. Others just want better conditions (“bread and butter” issues)
“Bread and butter” = better wages/pay, better/safer working conditions, better hours (8 hours), etc.
14.1 Conditions of Working Class
Workers worked long hours (10/12 hours a day, 6 days a week) for little pay.
Work was repetitive and boring (for example, on a factory assembly line).
Many work environments were hazardous (poor ventilation and lighting, risk of losing limbs due to dangerous machinery).
Many children worked in factories for longer hours than adults and in more dangerous conditions (since they were smaller, they could fit better in mines or their hands in machines).
Many workers lived in cramped, unsanitary tenement housing.
14.2 Labor Movements
Strategies labor unions employed in their attempt to improve workers’ lives:
Workers formed labor unions.
Unions threatened to strike when necessary.
Unions joined forces to form national labor organizations.
Ways employers attempted to undermine unions:
Owners threatened to fire workers who joined unions.
Made workers sign yellow-dog contracts
Owners circulated blacklists of union members and refused to hire listed workers.
Hired scabs
Scabs= a derogatory term for a worker who declined to join a union, left the union or accepted a job during a strike in the place of a striking employee
14.3 Strikes Erupt Nationwide
Key events during the labor movement:
14.4 Gains/Losses
Important losses and gains by labor unions:
Losses: The federal government generally opposed union activities by sending troops to break up strikes and issuing injunctions. Unions failed to gain the support and respect of the American people.
Gains: Work hours and wages for union and nonunion workers improved steadily. Unions won some recognition of workers’ rights.
Unions, 1870s -1920s:
15.IMMIGRATION
EQ: What was it like to be an immigrant TO the United States at the turn of the century?
IMMIGRATE → to come to a country
EMIGRATE → to leave a country
There were many ports of entry into the US, but TWO MAIN ones:
Nativist Legislation
Know-Nothing Party (1850s): tried to limit the voting strength of immigrants, keep Catholics (especially Irish and Italians) out of office, and require a lengthy residence before citizenship
Unsuccessful, the party died out in the late 1850s
West Coast: Anti-Chinese sentiment in the 19th century
Anti-Chinese sentiment/political cartoons in newspapers owned by William Randolph Hearst on the West Coast.
California barred Chinese from owning property or working in certain jobs.
Leland Stanford (robber baron) pushed for this while he was governor!
Congress followed suit by limiting Chinese immigration.
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882): an 1882 law prohibiting immigration of Chinese laborers for 10 years and preventing Chinese already in the country from becoming citizens; the first U.S. immigration restriction based solely on nationality or race
Chinese immigrants played a significant role in building the Transcontinental Railroad.
Gentleman’s Agreement (1907): President Theodore Roosevelt reached an informal agreement with Japan to halt the emigration of Japanese laborers to the US.
Literacy Test (1917): Congress barred immigrants who could not read or write in their own language
Emergency Quota Act (1921): limited the number of immigrants to the US each year to 350,000
National Origins Quota Act (1924)
Further reduced immigration
Favored immigrants from Northern and Western Europe
Only allowed 2% of any nationality currently in the US based on the 1980 census
National Origins Act (1929): limited number of immigrants to 150,000 per year
Immigration and Nationalities Services Act (1965)
Moved from a “quota system” to preference to refugees and families
Priority given to foreign workers with “skills needed” in the US
16.MUCKRAKERS
EQ: What social, political, and environmental problems did Americans face at the turn of the 20th century?
Muckrakers: Journalists who pointed out the problems in society. A term coined by President Theodore Roosevelt to describe those who “raked the mud of society.”
Upton Sinclair
Ida Tarbell
Thomas Nast
17.PROGRESSIVES
EQ: Who were progressives & how did they address the problems they saw?
Progressive Goals
Improve urban life
Eliminate government corruption
Expand American democracy - make it easier for people to have their voices heard.
The Origins of Progressivism
Characteristics of progressives
Urban areas, white, middle-class, college-educated; many were women
Many different ideas on how to reform and how much to reform!
Roots of progressivism → Where they got their ideas from
Two reform movements of the late 1800s
Political movement → Populism (largely rural-based)
Religious movement → Social Gospel
Challenges to progressives
Strongly opposed Social Darwinism → only the wealthy would survive
Opposed big business, but they were not socialists; many considered themselves liberals who wanted to work within the system already in place
What sort of things do progressives do?
Help the needy, but also help people to help themselves
Moderate political goals
Activists: use political action to achieve reform
Temperance Movement: a social and political campaign that promoted moderation or abstinence from alcohol consumption
The movement's goals included reducing or eliminating alcohol consumption through public awareness campaigns, pledges of abstinence, and support for prohibition laws.
The Temperance Movement was often associated with other reform movements because alcohol was linked to social problems like poverty, insanity, and violence against women.
17.2: Progressives Fight for Social Reforms
17.3: Progressives Push for Political Reforms
17.4: Progressives Confront Social Inequality
NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)
An interracial civil rights organization founded to advance justice for African Americans
Founded in 1909 by activists, including W.E.B. DuBois
Worked for the abolition of segregation and discrimination in housing, education, employment, voting, and transportation
The organization's early agenda focused on its anti-lynching campaign
Flew a flag that stated “A MAN WAS LYNCHED YESTERDAY” every time someone was lynched in the United States between 1920-1936
