Electron Configurations and Ions

• Electron Configurations Overview

  • The Periodic Table consists of several blocks:

  • s Block: Columns 1-2

  • p Block: The next set, starting from column 13

• Filling Electron Levels

  • Start filling from Hydrogen to Helium:

  • 1s² represents Helium

  • Move to second row:

  • 2s² (up to Beryllium)

  • 2p⁶ (up to Neon)

  • Continue to third row:

  • 3s² (up to Magnesium)

• Abbreviated Electron Configuration:

  • Write the configuration using the last noble gas as a reference to condense notation.

  • Example:

  • Bromine:

    • Full Configuration:
      1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d^{10} 4p^5

    • Abbreviated:

    • Use Argon (the previous noble gas):
      [Ar] 4s² 3d^{10} 4p^5

• Examples of Abbreviated Configurations

  • Given different configurations, be able to identify the atom:

  • Example letters:

    • Letter D: Strontium (Sr)

    • Letter B: Titanium (Ti)

    • Letter C: Tin (Sn)

• Chromium Configuration Anomaly

  • Chromium:

  • Conventional electron configuration would suggest:
    [Ar] 4s² 3d⁴

  • However, more stable with one electron in each slot of 3d:
    [Ar] 3d^{5}

  • D-block elements like Cr, Mo, Cu, W tend to have more stable configurations by borrowing electrons from 4s.

• f Block Elements:

  • These include Lanthanides and Actinides which are usually placed below the periodic table.

  • Electro configurations include higher total electron energies, typically not required for basic understanding.

• Cations and Anions:

  • Cations:

  • Positively charged, formed by losing electrons.

  • Example: Magnesium (Mg):

    • Neutral configuration:
      [Ne] 3s²

    • Cation formation (losing 2 electrons):
      [Ne]

  • Anions:

  • Formed by gaining electrons.

  • Example:

    • Oxygen:

    • Adding electrons to achieve stability, matching Neon configuration:
      [Ne]

• Practice Problems:

  • Write configurations for specified cations and anions:

  • Example tasks such as writing configurations for Cobalt (Co) and Copper (Cu) cations.

• Valence Electrons:

  • The electrons in the outermost shell involved in chemical bonding.

• Notes and Practice:

  • Be familiar with both writing configurations and recognizing them.

  • Understand exceptional behaviors in electron filling (like Cr and Cu) as distinct cases to memorize thoroughly.

  • Prepare for practice problems to reinforce understanding and recognition of electron configurations in elements.

Marvel:

• Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU): A media franchise and shared universe centered on a series of superhero films produced by Marvel Studios, featuring iconic characters from Marvel Comics.

• Avengers: A team of superheroes in the MCU, including Iron Man, Captain America, Thor, Hulk, Black Widow, and others, who come together to combat large-scale threats.

• Infinity Saga: The overarching storyline of the first three phases of the MCU, focusing on the conflict between the Avengers and the supervillain Thanos.

• Spider-Man: A superhero created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, known for his spider-like abilities, web-slinging, and struggle to balance his personal life with his responsibilities as a hero.

• Endgame: The 2019 film that serves as the conclusion to the Infinity Saga, where the Avengers attempt to reverse Thanos's destruction across the universe.

Top Gun: Maverick:

• Top Gun: A naval aviation training program for elite fighter pilots, which serves as the backdrop for the original 1986 film and its sequel.

• Maverick: The call sign of the main character, Pete Mitchell, portrayed by Tom Cruise, known for his rebellious and skilled flying style.

• F-18 Super Hornet: The advanced fighter jet used by the U.S. Navy, prominently featured in Top Gun: Maverick.

• Dogfight: A close-range aerial combat between aircraft, a key scene element in both films.

• Ace Pilot: A term for a fighter pilot who has shot down several enemy aircraft, a significant achievement in military aviation that the characters aspire to reach.