MAOR102 Exam Vocabulary

MAOR102 Exam Notes

Exam Information

• Worth 50% (50 marks) of the final grade.
• 140 multiple-choice questions (MCQ).
• Three sections:
  • Section A: 120 questions (0.25 marks each).
  • Section B: 10 questions (1 mark each).
  • Section C: 10 questions (1 mark each).

Foundation Module - Lecture 2

1. Creation Narratives

• Revisit the table from Tutorial 2 that breaks down the different narratives (Io, Separation, and Creation of Humanity).
• Know:
  • Ngāi Tahu versions of separation and the creation of first humans.
  • Ngāti Kahungunu version of the creation of first humans.
  • The roles/realms of different atua from the Te Arawa version of separation.

2. Tikanga Māori

• Know the definitions of tikanga Māori cultural concepts and understand how each of them function:
  • Whakapapa: Genealogy; connects people to ancestors, land, and gods.
  • Whanaungatanga: Relationships and kinship; obligations and mutual support.
  • Manaakitanga: Hospitality and kindness; caring for others.
  • Aroha: Compassion and empathy.
  • Tapu: Sacredness; spiritual restriction.
  • Noa: Neutral state; freedom from tapu.
  • Mauri: Life force in people and objects.
  • Wairua: Spirit or soul; continues after death.
  • Utu: Reciprocity; balance through giving and receiving.
• Types of Mana:
  • Mana Atua: Power from the gods.
  • Mana Tāngata: Power from people’s achievements and leadership.
  • Mana Whenua: Authority over land and resources.
  • Mana Tupuna: Inherited mana from ancestors.

3. Whakapaparanga

• Know the functions of different kinship structures:
  • Waka: Ancestral canoe; foundation of whakapapa groups.
  • Iwi: Tribe; large kinship group from a common ancestor.
  • Hapū: Sub-tribe; working social unit, responsible for daily activities.
  • Whānau: Family unit.
• Understand different forms of Māori leadership and which leaders are responsible for different groups:
  • Rangatira: Chiefs who lead hapū.
  • Ariki: Highest rank; descendant of first-born of chiefly lines.
  • Kaumātua: Elders; knowledge holders and advisors.
  • Tohunga: Experts or specialists, especially in spiritual/mystical areas.
• Understand different kinship terms:
  • Teina/Tēina: Younger siblings/cousins of the same gender.
  • Tuakana/Tuākana: Older siblings/cousins of the same gender.
  • Tuahine: Sister of a male.
  • Tungāne: Brother of a female.
  • Matua/Pāpā: Father.
  • Whaea/Māmā: Mother.
  • Mātua: Parents.
  • Tupuna/Tūpuna: Ancestor(s).

4. Kaitiakitanga

• Meaning of the word tiaki: To guard, preserve, or care for.
• Understand the definition and application of kaitiakitanga in a range of contexts, not just to environmental management. Kaitiakitanga: Stewardship/guardianship; involves protecting the environment, people, and culture.
• Understand the dual meaning of whenua: Land and placenta.
• Understand what is meant by the practice tuku whenua: The gifting of land with an expectation of reciprocity; symbolic and spiritual.

5. Waka

• Understand the different roles of waka leaders:
  • Rangatira: Led the people.
  • Tohunga: Navigators and spiritual advisors.
• Understand what is meant by ‘Hawaiki’?: Spiritual homeland; origin of waka journeys.
• Who were the leaders on Te Arawa?: Tamatekapua and Ngātoroirangi.
• What do we know about the Tūwhenua waka?: Symbolic of migration stories; less known, represents inner-land migration stories or waka that didn't cross the ocean.

6. Marae

• Understand the purpose, layout, and functions of a marae. Purpose: Central space for gathering, ceremonies, and cultural practice.
• Layout:
  • Wharenui (meeting house): Represents the ancestor.
  • Marae ātea: Open courtyard, realm of Tūmatauenga (conflict, war).
  • Wharekai: Dining room.
• Understand which parts of a marae belong to which atua:
  • Tūmatauenga: Marae ātea (public discussions and debate).
  • Rongomātāne: Wharenui and wharekai (peace, hospitality).
• Know the difference between the ātea and the ahu.
• Pan-tribal marae: What is their purpose? Urban-based, not linked to a specific iwi; serve a diverse urban Māori population for cultural reconnection.

7. Pōwhiri

• Understand the different processes/stages involved in the pōwhiri, and their ceremonial purposes:
  • Wero: Challenge by warriors.
  • Karanga: Call of welcome.
  • Whakaeke: Entry of guests.
  • Whaikłrero: Speeches.
  • Koha: Gift offering.
  • Hongi: Greeting through sharing of breath.
  • Hākari: Feast.
• Who are the two groups involved in a pōwhiri?: Tāngata whenua (Hosts) and Manuhiri (Visitors).
• Who performs the different roles at each stage of a pōwhiri? Women (Karanga) and Men (Wero, whaikłrero).
• Why are pōwhiri normally held on the marae ātea?: Symbolic space for transition, spiritual cleansing.
• What distinguishes waewae tapu from the rest of the manuhiri?: Sacred feet; refers to first-time visitors.

8. Takiauē/Tangihanga

• Understand the different processes/stages involved in tangihanga:
  • Notification.
  • Speeches and mourning.
  • Burial.
  • Hākari (feast).
• Understand the roles of particular atua in death:
  • Hine-nui-te-pō: Goddess of death.
  • Pōhutukawa: Tree where spirits descend to Te Rerenga Wairua.
  • Māui: Tried to conquer death but failed.
• Understand the role of the grieving family: Whānau pani (Immediate family of the deceased; central role in mourning and rituals).

Foundation Model Quiz with Answers

• Question 1: Pan-tribal urban marae were created to…
  • Answer: c. Support a wider dislocated Māori community living in the same city region.
• Question 2: What is the name of the oldest known (mātāmua) marae in the Pacific?
  • Answer: c. Taputapuātea.
• Question 3: The marae ātea comes within the realm of which atua?
  • Answer: c. Tūmatauenga.
• Question 4: Which of the following is the type of mana you inherit through whakapapa?
  • Answer: a. mana atua.
• Question 5: According to the Ngāi Tahu narratives of creation, Takaroa was Papatūānuku’s…
  • Answer: c. Husband.
• Question 6: The meaning of kaitiakitanga is derived from the root word tiaki. Tiaki means:
  • Answer: a. Guardianship.
• Question 7: Who led the Te Arawa waka?
  • Answer: b. Tama-te-kapua.
• Question 8: Which of the following best describes the practice of whāngai?
  • Answer: d. The movement of a child from one whānau household to another whānau household for a specific reason.
• Question 9: The values of whanaungatanga and manaakitanga are often brought beneath the “umbrella” of which cultural concept?
  • Answer: d. Aroha.
• Question 10: When manuhiri are being welcomed onto a marae, what is the purpose of the “wero”?
  • Answer: a. For the mana whenua to discern the intentions of the manuhiri.

Histories Module - Lectures 11 - 17

9. The Meeting of Peoples

• First mission station of the Church Missionary Society.
• Different terms for Europeans.
• Europeans who became part of a Māori community.
• When the first shore whaling stations began.

10. The Declaration and the Treaty

• The installation of the British Resident – who and when?
• The purpose of Te Tiriti/the Treaty.
• The people responsible for the translation of the English texts (of both documents) into te reo Māori.
• When was Te Tiriti first signed?
• What was the landmark finding in the WAI 1040 Stage 1 report by the Waitangi Tribunal?

11. 1840-1863

• How did the early colonial government finance its administration?
• Who were the first two leaders of the Kīngitanga?
• What was the purpose of the Kīngitanga and what were the circumstances that led to its establishment?
• When the New Zealand Parliament was first formed, who were eligible to vote and why?

12. 1863-1881

• The purpose of the Native Land Court.
• What were the key Māori religious movements prevalent at this time and who were their leaders?
• When did the land wars begin and end?
• When and how did Māori achieve representation in the House of Representatives/Parliament?
• The purpose of the Native Settlements Act 1863.

13. 1881-1918

• What was the Kotahitanga Movement?
• What were the newspapers distributed by the Kīngitanga?
• What was the Parihaka movement and who were its leaders?
• Who were the Young Māori Party and what were their main objectives in Parliament?
• What is Ngata-ism and what is Rātana-ism?
• Who is Rua Kēnana and what is he known for?

14. Māori and the Political Economy

• What were Rātana’s political aspirations?
• What was the purpose of the 1931 Native Purposes Act?
• What was the organisation set up to strengthen the War effort for Māori?

15. Urban Migration

• Understand what is said in the Hunn Report relative to urban migration.
• What did the government do to encourage urban migration?
• What was the purpose of the Department of Māori Affairs?
• What is pepper-potting?

Histories Module Test Questions and Answers

• Question 1: The New Zealand Constitution Act in 1852 was passed in Great Britain and initially created how many provincial councils?
  • Answer: d. 6.
• Question 2: Some Europeans who became part of a Māori community, married into chiefly families, learned te reo Māori and tikanga Māori, acted as interpreters and advised rangatira in trading relationships with Pākehā. What are they referred to as?
  • Answer: b. Pākehā-Māori.
• Question 3: The advent of Christianity was approached with great excitement by Māori and was facilitated largely by the Church Missionary Society (CMS). Where did the CMS set up their first mission station?
  • Answer: a. Rangihoua.
• Question 4: Where did Ngāi Tahu upoko ariki (head chief), Tamaiharanui, establish a trading post in the 1820s to take advantage of the ships that called for supplies?
  • Answer: d. Takapūneke in Akaroa.
• Question 5: Pōtatau Te Wherowhero was selected to be the first leader of the Kīngitanga movement. Why was he chosen?
  • Answer: d. He possessed an illustrious whakapapa, was highly revered as a warrior chief and had long been friendly to the government.
• Question 6: In 1928, Rātana-ism became overtly political. What were their two major demands of the Crown?
  • Answer: b. To confirm policy that would honour the Treaty of Waitangi and advocate continual guardianship over Māori.
• Question 7: In what year was the Labour-Rātana alliance officially formalised?
  • Answer: c. 1936.
• Question 8: What was the purpose of the 1931 Native Purposes Act?
  • Answer: b. To authorise the settlement of land transfer payments.
• Question 9: How did the early colonial government finance its administration?
  • Answer: c. Selling Crown-purchased lands to incoming settlers at a higher profit.
• Question 10: Which religious movement did Te Kooti establish?
  • Answer: b. Ringatū.

Futures Module - Lectures 18 - 23

16. The Waitangi Tribunal

• What are the pros and cons of the Waitangi Tribunal?
• What is the purpose of the Waitangi Tribunal and what outcomes can it provide for Māori claimant groups?
• When was the Waitangi Tribunal established and what claims did it initially allow for? How did the 1985 amendment to the Treaty of Waitangi Act impact this?
• Define a Treaty settlement.

17. Changes in Māori Language Education

• First Māori language week.
• Identify some of the different Māori language education initiatives.
• What do the parts of the ZePA model stand for?
• What key statutes had a significant impact on Māori children and te reo Māori in the 1800s?

18. Hauora Māori

• What is meant by hauora Māori?: A concept that includes individual, whānau, community and population well-being across a range of dimensions.
• Identify/name the Māori health models mentioned in the textbook and who created them.
• What is the Whare Tapa Whā model and what does each part represent?: Four taha (dimensions) of health: tinana (physical), hinengaro (mental), wairua (spiritual), and whānau (family).
• What health policy did Dame Tariana Turi introduce?: Whānau Ora

19. Māori and Indigenous Knowledge in Development Contexts

• Understand values-based economics and the quadruple bottom line.
• Understand what is meant by Indigenous knowledge.
• Understand the different Māori cultural concepts that can be applied in development contexts.

20. Māori and Technology

• What media use te reo Māori today?
• Who created the first orthography of the Māori language?
• How did Māori adapt and use technologies during the early contact and colonial periods?
• What challenges do technology present to te ao Māori and tikanga Māori?
• Te Karere o Niu Tireni – first Māori newspaper, what was its purpose?

21. The Imagined Criteria of Māori Identity

• What allows an individual to claim a Māori identity?
• Why do certain equity measures exist for Māori?
• What is meant by an ‘imagined’ identity?

Futures Model Test and Answers

• Question 1: The first initiative in teaching te reo Māori to young children was…
  • Answer: a. Te Kōhanga Reo
• Question 2: What is ‘hauora Māori’?
  • Answer: b. A concept that includes individual, whānau, community and population well-being across a range of dimensions.
• Question 3: The first Māori language week was held in which year?
  • Answer: c. 1975
• Question 4: What was the first initiative teaching te reo Māori to adults in 1979?
  • Answer: d. Te Ātaarangi
• Question 5: In what year did the Waitangi Tribunal assert te reo Māori as a “taonga” guaranteed under Article II of te Tiriti o Waitangi?
  • Answer: d. 1986
• Question 6: Identify two Māori-driven education initiatives.
  • Answer: b. Kōhanga Reo and Kura Kaupapa Māori
• Question 7: The ZePA Māori language revitalisation model stands for…
  • Answer: b. Zero (is oppositional, does not support or is indifferent) – Passive (has no opinion, does not use, but does not restrict its use) – Active (use te reo Māori and has a positive disposition towards it).
• Question 8: What was the purpose of the 1985 amendment to the Waitangi Tribunal Act?
  • Answer: d. The Waitangi Tribunal could hear Māori claims of Crown breaches of the Tiriti o Waitangi/Treaty of Waitangi dating back to 6 February 1840.
• Question 9: What is the name of the “by Māori, for Māori” health policy developed by Māori Party founder Dame Tariana Turia?
  • Answer: b. Whānau Ora
• Question 10: What are the four taha of Mason Durie’s Te Whare Tapa Whā health model?
  • Answer: d. Whānau, Tinana, Hinengaro, Wairua

OVERALL Creation Narratives

Ngāi Tahu Version:

• Separation of Rangi and Papa: In the Ngāi Tahu version, it is Tāne who separates Ranginui (Sky Father) and Papatūuānuku (Earth Mother).
• Creation of first humans:
  • Tāne creates the first woman Hine-ahu-one from red ochre and earth at Kurawaka.
  • He breathes life into her; they bear a daughter, Hine-tē-iwaiwa, who becomes a goddess of childbirth and weaving.

Ngāti Kahungunu Version:

• More focused on the atua (gods) and their characteristics.
• Tāne forms Hine-ahu-one from soil, and their union creates Hine-nui-te-pō, who becomes the goddess of death after fleeing to the underworld.

Te Arawa Version:

• Atua each have specific roles:
  • Tūmatauenga: God of war and humanity.
  • Tāne Mahuta: God of forests and birds.
  • Tangaroa: God of the ocean.
  • Rongomātāne: God of cultivated foods.
  • Haumia-tiketike: God of uncultivated foods.
  • Rūaumoko: God of earthquakes and volcanoes (still in Papatūuānuku’s womb).