heath and pa 2

  • What are differences between social and biological determinants of health?

    social determinants are external factors

    • examples

      • income

        • higher income = better health

      • social status

        • higher status = better health

      • education/literacy

        • more education = better health

      • social environment

        • better social support is linked to better health

      • physical environment

        • safer, better access to food and water = better health

  • biological determinants are more internal/ genetic factors

    • examples     

      • age

      • sex

      • biology

      • birthweight

what is the magnitude of the problem ?

  • Injuries for those who are active

    • MSK

    • concussion

    • hot and cold

      • heat stroke/ frostbite

    • infectious disease

    • cardiac

Mortality and morbidity

  • mortality

    • rate, number of deaths in a given population

  • morbidity

    • the number of people with a disease

  • Harvard alumni heath study

    • Decline in all cause death rates with increased energy expenditure

    • this relationship is inversely related

      • more energy expenditure = less deaths

  • U.S Railroad

    • was early, 1951

    • found that if you were more active at your job mortality rates were lower

    • classified based off of active and sedentary occupation

Research Design

  •  Prospective cohort studies

    • sample population is selected at random from a defined population

  • Randomized control trial

    • participants are randomly assigned to experimental or control group

  • Cross sectional studies

    • risk factors as well as the presence or absence are measured simultaneously

  • Case control study

    • participants are selected based on presence or absence

Incidence vs prevalence

  • incidence

    • new occurrences in a population over a given time

  • prevalence

    • the amount of people who have something

Adherence

  • psychological

    • beliefs

      • false expectations on quick impact on body weight

    • intentions

      • goal setting is super important for adherence

    • incentives

      • rewards gets people moving but how to keep them motivated

        • food should not be a reward

    • perceived barriers

      • aren’t negative it is personal

  • Biobehavioral

    • activity history

      • postive/negative

      • do/did they enjoy it

    • physical fitness

      • current level

        • people may not get to the point they want too

    • exertion preferences

      • what intensity do they want to work at it is preference

  • Medical hazards

    • pulmonary

      • bronchospasm

    • gastrointestinal

      • irritable bowels

    • Allergic

      • exercise induced

    • gynocolgic

      • delayed or missing menstrual cycle

    • endocrinologic

      • hypoglycaemia

    • anemia

      • hematologic

      • low iron

    • thermal

      • heat cramps, heat stroke, frostbite, hypothermia

Stage theory

  • precontempation

    • inactive

  • contemplation

    • inactive but intention

  • preparation

    • is active but not meeting requirements

  • action

    • is getting the requirements but less than 6 months

  • maintenance

    • more than 6 months

linking health care

  • what is project pace

    • started in the USA and became the activity counselling trial (ACT)

linking schools

  • trends

    • as age increases activity decreases

    • as they get older the amount reaching the 24 hour movement guildlines decreases

    • this effects girls more than boys

Linking family

  • if parents are more active the kids will be

  • family based intervention is generally effective on improving PA    

What is CSEP-CEP

    able to work with any population in a clinical setting

ACSM

    same as CEP