bio 102

Diatoms – Ancient diatoms are sometimes turned into petroleum deposits by geologic processes.
Brown algae – Exception: most other listed groups have single-celled members.
Diatoms – Form the base of aquatic food chains.
A eukaryote that is not an animal, plant, or fungi – Definition of a protist.
Gymnosperms – First organisms not requiring water for reproduction.
Vascular tissue – Lignin is found primarily in vascular tissue for support.
True – Sporophyte phase dominates in later-evolving land plants.
True – Fungi are more closely related to animals than plants.
False – Human fungal infections are usually caused by sac fungi, not club fungi.
Mycelium – Group of fungal filaments.

Fish – Not present by the end of the Precambrian.
Evolved from cyanobacteria – Origin of chloroplasts.
Cyanobacteria – Formed stromatolites.
Free oxygen – Lacking in primitive Earth atmosphere.
Hadean – Precambrian began during the Hadean eon.
Some is translated into viral proteins and some serves as genetic material – Retroviral RNA functions.
False – Not all viruses in the body are pathogenic.
False – Viruses evolve quickly due to their replication strategies.
Lactobacillus – Ferments sugars and aids in food production.
Host cell plasma membrane – Source of HIV viral envelope.

2.1 billion years – Date of first fossilized eukaryotes.
Aerobic bacteria – Mitochondria resemble aerobic bacteria.
Miller and Urey – Demonstrated the synthesis of organic molecules.
4 billion years – All modern species trace back to this time.
Aerobic respiration – Benefited from rising oxygen levels.
Integration of viral DNA into host chromosome – Characteristic of lysogenic pathway.
Pilus – Used by bacteria in conjugation.
It is capable of photosynthesis – Incorrect about E. coli.
False – Horizontal gene transfer is not reproduction.
Emerging disease – Recently detected or expanded in humans.

Protists are diverse eukaryotic organisms that do not fit into animal, plant, or fungal kingdoms.
Diatoms and dinoflagellates are vital as primary producers.
Plants evolved from green algae; gymnosperms pioneered water-independent reproduction.

Stromatolites were built by cyanobacteria, key to Earth's oxygenation.
Endosymbiotic theory explains chloroplast and mitochondrion origins from bacteria.
Retroviruses integrate their genome into host DNA during infection.

Bacteria engage in horizontal gene transfer (e.g., conjugation with a pilus).
Lysogenic cycle: Virus DNA remains dormant until activation.
Emerging diseases appear in human populations due to environmental or evolutionary changes.

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