Answer the following questions and know the significance and impact of the famous Louisiana Purchase.

1. Why was the US interested in this area and the Mississippi River?

• With the US Territory being expanded, extending Beyond Ohio and Kentucky into the Indiana territory, settlers were becoming dependent on the economic existence of transporting goods through the rivers of Mississippi and Southward of New orleans. However when the Spanish officials in 1802 closed the port to Americans for New Orleans the settlers became very alarmed. The Spanish had gone back on their agreement with the Pinckney treaty in 1795 - the Right of the deposit- which had allowed a lot of the American farmers to use the port without taxes. Due to this and the concern of the economic impact from the New Orleans port closing, President Jefferson wanted to be able to control the river of New Orleans and wanted to get out of dealing with European affairs and through this he decided to go through with the Louisiana purchase.

2. What happened during the Negotiations? How did the US come to gain the whole territory?

• So Jefferson sent ministers to France with the instructions of offering $10 million for both New Orleans and the strips of land extending from Florida and if the American Minister had failed in their mission with the French they were instructed to begin discussions with Britain for a US British alliance. Now Napoleon, especially with the French Revolution and being in lots of debt, was seeking more funds for the war against Britain and offered to sell New Orleans as well as the entirety of the Louisiana Territory for 15 million dollars. so the American ministers had accepted this offer.

3. Explain the Constitutional Predicament & argument of the Louisiana Purchase.

• Jefferson and a lot of the Americans and the public approved of the Louisiana Purchase but there was the Constitutional problem with the purchase. Jefferson was a part of the party that had a strict interpretation of the Constitution and had rejected Hamilton's argument that some of the powers should be interpreted as if they were there so with no clause in the Constitution directly saying that the president could purchase foreign land Jefferson went against what the Constitution had implied without having directly being said. Jefferson was determined to do what was best for the country so he dismissed the Constitution a bit and submitted the purchase to the Senate using the argument that lands were allowed to be added to the United States through the president's power to make treaties. The Federalist Senators had criticized him; however , with the majority of the Republicans in the senate, the purchase was ratified.

4. What were the important consequences & impact of this purchase?

• With the Louisiana Purchase being double the size of what the United States had been before, it removed the European presence from the nation's borders - extending the Western frontier beyond the mississippi. With more acres of land( lots of land) Jefferson had hoped that the country's future would be based on an agrarian society with independent Farmers rather than Alexander Hamilton's vision of the urban and industrial society. The Louisiana Purchase had increased Jefferson's popularity and proved the Federalists to be weak and a new england-based party and Powerless since they were not a majority within the government at this time.

Explain the background & events that led up to Marbury v. Madison (1803).

Explain the overall significance & impact of the S.C. ruling in Marbury vs. Madison (1803). Define & explain the concept of Judicial Review.

• One of the first major cases that was decided by Marshall was the fact that Jefferson wanted to block all of the Federalist judges from being appointed by President John Adams so he ordered the Secretary of State - James Madison - to not deliver the commissions to the appointed federalist judges. William Marbury - one of the midnight appointments Of John adams- had sued for his Commission. This became the case of Marbury versus Madison in the Supreme Court in 1803.

• Marshall had ruled that Marbury had a right to his commission due to the Judiciary Act that was passed by Congress in 1789. Although Marshall had said that the ACT had given the court more power than the Constitution allowed, this law was declared unconstitutional and Marbury would not receive his commission. so, Marshall had sacrificed what would have been one of these small Federalist gain in the long run for a more constitutional better judgment and long-term judicial victory. he ruled that a Congress law was deemed unconstitutional and so he established the judicial review which stated that the Supreme Court could only exercise the power to decide on acts of Congress if the president was allowed to buy the Constitution. Now the Supreme Court could also overrule any of the actions of the other two branches of the federal government.

Identify and develop the importance of the following terms as they relate to the causes of the War of 1812.

Freedom of the Seas, ID - Impressment

Since the US was a trading nation and it depended on the flow of shipping across the Atlantic, it needed to prosper in this aspect. However, Britain and France did not want to respect the neutral rights during their Wars So this affected the us. yet, the Americans remembered that the French had supported the colonists during the Revolutionary War and the Britain had been the enemy so Jeffersonian Democratic Republicans had applauded the French for defeating the monarchy in the French Revolution And if the French ever violated the US neutral rights it was less looked down upon but if the British violated the US neutral rights then they were considered worse because of the British Navy's practice of impressing the American Sailors into the British Navy and army.

Frontier Pressure & Native Americans

ID - Battle of Tippecanoe

With many of the Americans settling further west for more opportunities and more land, there were British and Indian and Spanish allies that were standing in their way of all of this opportunity. So with the settlers pushing the American Indians further and further Westward, the natives formed together and tried to stop this from happening. The Shawnee Brothers Tecumseh and the prophet who are both Warriors and religious leaders try to unite all of the tribes that were east of the Mississippi river. however many of the white settlers became suspicious of Tecumseh and had persuaded General Harrison who was the governor of the Indiana territory to Launch attacks. The Battle of Tippecanoe ( 1811) was where General Harrison had destroyed the Shawnee headquarters and defeated the Confederacy before it was even able to be united. The British had only been providing limited Aid to Tecumseh and the Americans had blamed the British for the rebellion.

War Hawks

The war hawks Were a young group of Democratic Republicans from Kentucky Tennessee and ohio. with their known eagerness for war with Britain they were labeled this name and had gained influence in the house of representatives. Henry Clay from Kentucky and John C Calhoun from South Carolina were high members of the warhawks and wanted war with Britain - appealing to Congress as this being the only way to defend America's honor, game Canada and Destroy American Indian resistance on the frontier in the future.

Develop the debate over the US entry into the War of 1812. What groups supported the conflict and what groups of Amerians opposed the conflict? Explain why.

Supporters of the War

• Pennsylvania and Vermont join the southern and western states for the support of the war and its declaration

• The Democratic Republicans in the south and west also supported the war

• the new president: James Madison was a supporter of the war

• Wanted to stop the impressment of sailors and did not like how the British were violating the US neutrality rights.

• wanted to gain both Canada and Florida as more land.

Opposition to the War

• New york, New Jersey and the rest of the states in New England opposed the war

• the Democratic Republicans in the North and the Federalists were anti-war

• Many Americans who opposed the war were New England merchants, Federalist politicians and quids who were the older generation of democratic republicans. The New England Merchants opposed the war because With Europeans they were making large profits and they only saw the impression from the British as a limited inconvenience that could be fixed easily.

• the Protestant ties we're more sympathetic to the Protestant British then to the Catholic French

• Federalist politicians only saw the war as one of the democratic Republican schemes to conquer both Canada and Florida and increasing the Democratic Republican voting strength in the long run.

• The quince did not like the war since it violated the demo repubs allowance and determination to limit Federal power and the maintenance of peace.

Explain the overall impact and importance of the rulings of the Marshall Court in establishing the power of the federal government. Be familiar with some of the most famous rulings of the Marshall Court.

Overall impact & importance of Marshall Court

John marshal had been appointed the chief justice of the supreme court by president john adams. He consistently favored the central govt and the rights of property over the states rights advocates. Marshall had persuaded any of the demo repubs that were appointed into the court because he states that the US const. Had been created with the idea of the federal govt having strong and flexible powers. Marshall's decisions defined the relationship between the central govt and the states and he established the judicial review.

Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

A case about land fraud in GA. Marshall ruled that the state could not pass legislation invalidating a contract and this was the first time that the supreme court had declared a state law to be unconst. And invalid and not proper.

Dartmouth College vs. Woodward (1819)

A case involving NH changed Dartmouth college from a private chartered college into a public institution. Marshall made the state law unconstitutional since the contract for private corporations stated that it could not be altered by the state.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Maryland had tried to tax the second bank of the US (MD) and Marshall had ruled that a state could not tax a federal institute since in the constitution it states that ‘the power to tax is the power to destroy’ and that federal laws had more power than state laws. Marshall settled the debate of constitutionality over the national bank by stating this and using a loose interpretation of the constMarshall ruled that even without the cost of starting anything specific about a national bank, the const. Gave the fed govt the IMPLIED power to create one.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1821)

Ny wanted to know if they could grant a monopoly to a steamboat company without conflicting with congress charters. Marshall had ruled that the NY monopoly was unconstitutional and he established the Fed govt’s broad control over interstate commerce.

Explore the background & issues that led to the Missouri Compromise

Identify: Tallmadge Amendment & role of Henry Clay

Explain the results & aftermath of the Missouri Compromise

• With larger lands that were open for settlers once the american indians were driven from their lands by general harrison in the indiana territory and andrew jackson in FL and the south - more land for the taking

• With the economic difficulties in the northeast, the embargo and the war had caused many people to seek a new region and a new future

  • Southern tobacco planters needed new land since the soil they had used had become unusable due to poor farming methods

  • Found good soil for cotton in AL, mississippi and Arkansas

• Pioneers began to reach the frontier easier because of the building of roads, canals, the use of steamboats and railroads.

• More immigrants (europeans) were coming to america with the offer of cheap land in the great lakes and the valleys of OH, Mississippi rivers and cumberland

• Rep. james tallmadge (NY) debated whether the missouri question should become a amendment-prohibiting introduction of slaves into missouri, requiring children of missouri slaves to be emancipated at the age of 25, and if the amendment was adopted the tallmadge amendment would have led to eliminating slavery altogether from missouri. However the amendment was defeated in the senate since southerners saw it as the first step to abolish slavery in all states.

• Henry Clay proposed that congress should admit Missouri as a slave holding state, admit Maine as a free state and prohibit slavery in the rest of the Louisiana territory north of the 36-30 latitude.

• The Missouri compromise preserved the tensions for 30 years after, leaving the sectional feelings behind on the slavery issue after 1820. This led the nation time to mature and reflect on the issue.

• The era of ‘good feelings’ was not really true it just highlighting the nationalism spike after the war of 1812

• Political crisis had left americans conflicted towards nationalism (loyalty to the union ) and sectionalism (loyalty to only your own region)

American began to assert itself on The World Stage after the War of 1812 and during the presidency of Monroe.

Identify & explain the importance of the following developments.

Rush Bagot Agreement (1819) & Canada boundary

The British and American negotiators had agreed to a major disarmament pact; the rush-bagot agreement had limited the naval armament on the great lakes (very strictly). The agreement extended to place limits on the border fortifications too, leaving the border between the US and Canada to become the longest unfortified border in the world.

Spanish Florida, Jackson, & Adam - Onis Treaty (1819)

The treaty of 1818 was between the US and Britain, giving fishing rights off the coast of Newfoundland, a joint occupation of the Oregon territory for ten years, the setting of the northern limits of the LA territory at the 49th parallel - establishing the western US-Canada boundary. During the war of 1812, US troops had occupied western FL and now they wanted all of FL. After the war, Spain had had difficulties in governing FL since their troops had been removed from FL. The seminoles (runaway slaves and white outlaws) were crossing into the FL territory and retreating to the safety where they would not be convicted. So, Monroe and General Jackson took military action against Spanish FL. in 1817, Monroe told General Jackson to stop the raiders from going into the Spanish FLU so Jackson led a force to FL and destroyed Seminole villages, hanging two Seminole chiefs. He captured the pensacola and drove the spanish gov. Out of FL. These actions led congress to fear that Spain and Britain might go to war with the US. However, the sec of state told Monroe to support Jackson and the British inevitably decided not to intervene. The adam onis treaty was also known as the florida purchase treaty of 1819 which spain turned over all of their possessions in FL and their own claims to the oregon territory to the US in exchange for the US to give 5 million dollars in claims against spain and give up any of the US territorial claims to the spanish for texas.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

With more restored monarchies in other countries, many were trying to decide if they should help Spain in South America since there were a lot of rebellions happening against the monarchy to become their own independent nation. So the British naval powers did not want this to happen so they used their navy to stop the Spanish from coming back into power in Latin america. The British foreign sec george canning proposed to the US minister in london for a joint anglo-american warning to the european powers that they should not intervene in south america. Monro believed that the joint declaration was good and wanted to go along with it -establishing the Monroe Doctrine without Britain as a coauthor. The doctrine gave rights and interest to be involved with the American continent to be a free and independent condition to maintain and any future colonization was not allied. Monroe declared that the US would not allow attempts made by European powers to intervene with the revelations in the western hemisphere.

Long term impact of Monroe Doctrine

This was applauded by the American public but it had detrimental effects since Britain was annoyed that the doctrine had been applied without Britain as a coathor, meaning that the statement also applied to Britain as well and that they could not meddle with the US affairs for individualism. The Monroe Doctrine over the years does not have as much significance since it was not liked by the politicians and citizens in the future regarding what it meant about the US’ foreign policy.

Explain the overall impact of improvements in Transportation in changing the American economy and promoting expansion. Then explain and identify the importance of each of the following.

Overall Impact of “Transportation Revolution”

• The canals had improved the transportation and was meant to lower the food prices in the east, leaving more immigrants to settle in the west and leaving stronger economic ties between the west and east farms and cities.

• The roads had connected the states and the farms and connected the country's major cities together. The Cumberland road was a paved highway that was a major route to the west from MD to IL.

• The steamboats had the effect of making transportation cheaper and faster.

• Railroads: were even quicker and more reliable systems of transportation than the canals or even the steamboats. They could also carry both passengers and goods.

Roads

With the PA lancaster turnpike having been built in the 1790s, it connected phili to the farmlands around lancaster, stimulating the construction of other built and short toll roads and by the mid 1820s, the roads had connected most of the country’s major cities together. The need for interstate roads left states rights blocked since the federal funds were being spent on internal improvements. Highways were being constructed that crossed over the state lines.

Canals

ID - Erie Canal

The Erie Canal had been completed in NY in 1825 and it linked the economies of the western farms and eastern cities. The success of the economy stimulated the economic growth leading other states to build canals as well. In over a decade, the canals became joined together and all of the major leaked and rivers east of the mississippi. It improved transportation and was meant to lower the food prices in the east, leaving more immigrants to settle in the west and leaving stronger economic ties between the west and east farms and cities.

Steamboats & Steam Engine

The steamboats were mechanized, steam powered travel systems (1807) and they traveled up the Hudson River on the Clermont, which was a steamboat developed by Robert fulton. These operated steamboat lines were commercial and they made round trips for ships on the nation’s great rivers, leading the transportation to be both cheaper and faster.

Railroads

The railroads became an even more reliable and faster system that linked the cities together (1820s the tracks were built). By the 1830s they were completed and they competed with the canals, especially for carrying passengers and freight and goods. With the transportation being included with railroads, this helped the transportation go to small western towns such as Cleveland, Cincinnati, Detroit and Chicago and made them more prosperous centers for expanding their national economy.

Explain how the following innovations or developments changed the US economy and led to the Market Revolution.

Eli Whitney’s cotton gin

Eli Whitney was famous for having created the cotton gin in 1793 and with the patent laws protecting inventors, the inventors grew within this period. With the help of Whitney and his hours spent making inventions, he helped improve the technology, also making cotton picking more efficient and leading to less hard labor being needed.

The factory system & Textile Mills

Samuel Slater took British secrets from Britain to the Americas and displayed them for the Americans to use. He told them about the cotton spinning machines and established the first US factory in 1791. The embargo and the war of 1812 further stimulated domestic manufacturing and with the protective tariffs for importing goods, the new factories prospered. New England in the 1820s was also the country’s leading manufacturer for the waterpower that was provided that helped make new machinery and had good seaports for shipping goods. With the decline in farming in this region, it yielded more ready labor supply. With the factory system expanding, the financial businesses grew (banking and insurance)

Inventions & Patents (interchangeable parts, telegraph, etc)

New technologies like the textile mill and cotton gin needed patents so that they would get the credit for their inventions. Innovations in transportation included the railroads, the steamships and the canals and for communication, the telegraph was expanded and it helped speed up business and globalization. With more ports and canals, there was an increase in the interconnection of the different cities and with the great lakes having canals they were able to trade goods there and export goods, increasing the economy.

Agricultural Inventions

The cotton gin was created by Eli Whitney and it helped increase the efficiency of cotton picking and decreased the need for labor. The south could not easily separate the cotton fiber from the seeds. The cotton was more profitable than the tobacco and indigo so more plantations moved to this cash crop. They shipped their cotton overseas to the British textile factories. The steel plow invented by john deere and the mechanical reaper by cyrus mccormick led farms to be more efficient and able to plant more acres. They needed labor less and only hired workers during harvest time.

Entrepreneurs, Capital, & Market Incentive

(1811) Ny had passed a law making it easier for businesses to incorporate and raise money by selling shares of stocks, spreading the ideals to other states. Only the owners of the corporations risked the money that they had invented and the state corporation laws had raised the amount of large sums in the capital that was needed to build factores, canals and the rr’s. The western farmers were limited to sending their products only down to the ohio and MS rivers to the southern markets. With the new canals and rr’s, this opened new markets in the factory cities in the east.

Explain the important effects of the Market Revolution in the following categories

Women & Family Roles

• With more urban and industrialization, more women were not working on the farms anymore

• Led to women seeking employment in cities - domestic service or teaching

• Factory jobs (lowell system) was not common due to inequality

• Most working women were single and when married they left their jobs to become traditionalists again

• Women gained more control over their lives as arranged meringues became less common and some women decided to have less children

• Legal restrictions on women stayed the same - women couldn't vote nor own their own property.

Economic & Social Mobility / Growth of Middle Class

• The wages for urban workers had begun to improve in the early 1800s

  • Gap between poor and wealthy increased

• Social mobility: moved upward in income level and social status occurred in the next generation

  • Led to an increase in the middle class

  • More economic opportunities in US than europe

• From very poor to millionaires was rare cases

Slavery

• The 19th century = many people believed that slavery would eventually disappear

• Believed that with the exhaustion of soil in VA and the Carolinas + the constitutional ban on the importation of slaves after 1808 would make slavery economically bad and destructive.

• Rapid growth of the cotton king cash crop and expansion of slavery into the new states left AL and MS ending the hopes for a gradual end to slavery

• North had not a lot of slaves or virtually none

• South had a lot of slaves and would continue to have a lot of slaves

Growth of Trade Unions

• In major cities (1790s began) & increased when factory systems became prominent

• Skilled workers had to seek employment in factories since their own shops could not compete with the lower priced mass produced goods

• Led to long hours, low pay, and poor working conditions

• Goal of the unions was to reduce the workday to ten hours -many obstacles

  • Immigrant replacement workers, state laws outlawing unions and the frequent economic depressions couple with high unemployment

Examine the Economic characteristics and identities that developed in each US region during the Market Revolution

The Industrial Northeast

The Agricultural Northwest

The South

• With the shift from independent farmers and artisans becoming factory workers, many became dependent on the factory wages

• Low pay, long hours, unsafe working conditions = urban workers organizing unions and local political parties

• Improvements for workers was limited; made a 10 hour workday for industrial workers - political depressions, employers and courts were hostile to unions, an abundant supply of cheap labor were all obstacles for the unions

• Urban population grew rapidly, slums grew = crowded housing, poor sanitation, infectious diseases and more rates of crime.

• Value of the products in the north atlantic skyrocketed with it being over 1 billion dollars.

• Many african americans were still enslaved in the south but those who were free in the north maintained a family and owned land sometimes-racism

• Ohio, indiana, IL, michigan, wisconsin, and MN - became territories from land ceded to the national govt (northwest ordinance) in 1787

• Military campaigns by federal troops drove out the american indians from the land

• Built many canals and rr’s, establishing common markets between the great lakes and the east coast

• Corn and wheat crops = MONEY

• The steel plow invented by john deere and the mechanical reaper by cyrus mccormick led farms to be more efficient and able to plant more acres. They needed labor less and only hired workers during harvest time. Part of the crop would go to the animals and other parts would go to supply the distillers and brewers with grain to make whiskey and beer.

• With new cities (buffalo, cleveland, detroit, and chicago, they were labeled as transfer points for processing farm products to ship east and distributing manufactured goods from the east to the region

• Agriculture was the main root of the south’s economy

  • Had some small factories in the region that produced 15 percent of the nation’s manufactured goods

• Tobacco, rice, and sugarcane (important cash crops)

• KING COTTON! Chief economic prosperity

• Now britain depended solely on american south to provide them with their supply of cotton fiber

Explain the impact & significance of the following immigrant groups on US society in the mid 1800s.

Irish

• 2 million of the immigrants

• Driven from homeland due to the potato famine (crop failures) in the 1840s

• Limited interest in farming, few special skills, and little money

• Worked hard at any of their jobs, competed with african americans for domestic work and unskilled laborer jobs

  • Faced a lot of discrimination (roman catholicism)

• Limited opportunities in boston philly and NY

• Organized the democratic party (anti british feelings and support for workers)

Germans

• Economic hardships and failures at democratic revolutions drove the germans out

• More than 1 million germans had immigrated

  • Late 1840s and 1850s

• Considerable skills as farmers and artisans

• Moved westward to seek cheap fertile farmland, established homesteads and prospered

• Political influence was at first limited but became more active in public life and then strongly supported public education and opposed slavery

Identify & explain the different ways in which the Market Revolution contributed to Nationalism, a national economy & united the country.

Identify & explain the different ways in which the Market Revolution contributed to regional identities & caused increasing sectionalism.

• With an increase in the amount of US manufacturers and factories, there was more nationalism since the US was not dependent on the British anymore and they were self-sufficient.

• More ways to travel and transport goods had connected the US and the cities, increasing the revenue and creating more interconnection - leading to the nationalism being increased since everyone was globalization

• The invention of the telegraph allowed people in different regions to be able to communicate far distances. - people became more friendly from rego to region

• The market revolution shifted the US away from bartering and into the world of wages

• With more factories = more workers = more unions and they came together to demand better working hours and they received it.

• Northern cities had a powerful economy but a lot of the southern cities only had a powerful economy due to the slaves.

• With the invention of the cotton gin in the textile mills, the south found cotton to be the best most profitable cash crop ever, and they benefited greatly from it and thus utilized more slavery to go with more labor

  • Created more restrictions on the slaves

• Led to the middle class since there was more of people who were gaining money but were not poor nor very rich

• With more women going into the workforce, the more traditionalist vibe was not as prominent and they do not have as many kids as they previously had (some of the woman) and many were working and if they were married then they went back to the previous traditionalist life but it showed greater change for the future and set the timer for more equality in the future for women.

Identify and explain the following key events & developments as they relate to the Presidency of Andrew Jackson. In your responses make sure you explain the impact & conclusion of these events.

Presidential Power & use of Veto

Jackson believed himself to be the representative of all of the people and the protector of the common man from the power abuses that were committed by the actions of the rich and the privileged. He was a jeffersonian and he opposed the increase of federal spending and national debt. So, jackson used his presidential powers of congress and vetoed 12 bills more bills than any of the before presidents had committed. As an example- just because he did not like Henry Clay, Jackson vetoed the building of the maysville Road since Clay lived there in that state.

Indian Removal Act (1830)

(1830) Jackson did not extend his beliefs of protecting the rights of Americans to the American indians. He believed that the land should go to the citizens of America and that the American Indians were the ones in the way. The Indian removal act of 1830 had forced all of the Indians to resettle. Many of the eastern tribes had moved west and the bureau of indian affairs had been created to help get the tribes out and resettle them.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia & Worcester v. Georgia

GA and many other states followed jackson’s example and passed laws requiring the cherokees to migrate west and when the cherokees challenged GA, the supreme court had ruled that the cherokees were not a foreign nation and they did not have the right to sue in the federal court (cherokee nation vs GA in 1831). Then in the worcester vs GA case of 1832, the high court had ruled that the laws of GA had no place within cherokee territory. So with the decisions of both the state laws and the federal courts rulings, the president had to settle the case and jackson had settled with the states. The court was powerless without the president's support so that ruling was useless.

Trail of Tears

With the cherokees being forced to resettle in 1835, they were forced to go on the trail of tears after jackson had left office in 1838 and the US army had forced 15000 cherokees to leave georgia on a trail that was miles long and they could not stop for food or drink and had to keep walking. The trail had caused the deaths of more than 4000 cherokees.

Tariff of Abominations & Nullification Crisis

The tariff of abominations was where Jackson had favored the states rights and the South Carolina legislature had said that the increased tariff of 1828 was unconstitutional so the nullification theory had said that each state had the right to decide if the federal law was to be enacted or declared useless. However in 1830 daniel webster from MA had debated with robert hayne from SC if the federal union was constitutional. Webster stated that they had the right to decide to leave or defy the union and Jackson declared that the federal union should be preserved. So in 1832 the tensions rose in SC and they held a special convention to nullify the 1828 tariff and the new tariff of 1832. The convention concluded that they would forbid any collection of tariffs of 1832 and this made Jackson react by telling the sec of war to prepare for military actions. Congress gave him the ability to act out against SC if need be and he told the people of SC that nullification was treason and with the promise of decreasing the tariff, Jackson did not have to march on SC. With Jackson's display of strong defense of federal authority, he used his power greatly in the south.

Bank Veto

The bank of the US was receiving federal deposits and was tasked with the public purpose of being the backing of the nation’s economy - even though it was a private bank. Nick biddle was suspected of utilizing the bank and abusing its power - serving only the interests of the wealthy. So with the fact that Jackson believed the bank of the US to be unconst. And that Henry Clay had liked the bank, a heated debate happened and Clay had challenged Jackson's authority and persuaded congress to pass the bank recharter bill. Jackson vetoed this bill immediately and said that the private bank was only helping the wealthy and foreigners and it was a root of corruption. The voters had agreed with Jackson and the bank was vetoed.

Compare & contrast the political parties that emerged during the Second Party System.

Democrats

Whigs

Issues Supported / Major Concerns

• Local rule

• Limited govt

• Free trade

• More opportunity for white males

• Concerns:

  • Monopolies

  • National bank

  • High tariffs

  • High land prices

• American system idea: the national bank

• Federal funds for internal improvements

• A protective tariff

• Concerns: crime associated with immigrants

Groups & Areas of Support

• The south and the west

• Urban workers

• New england and the mid-atlantic states

• Protestants o english heritage

• Urban professionals

Identify the significance of the following concepts & questions as they relate to the Second Great Awakening

Origins & Major Ideas

• Many wanted to establish free (tax supported) public schools, improve the treatment of the mentally ill and control and abolish the sale of alcohol. Win more equal rights for women and abolish slavery

• Historic reference: puritan sense of mission, enlightenment belief in that humans have goodness and kindness, Jackson's democracy, political ideas and the changing relationships of men and women. Change in social classes and ethnic groups

• Most important source: religious beliefs

New Religions?

• Calvinist puritan teachings: original sin and predestination was not true and it had been rejected by believers of the liberal and forgiving doctrines (unitarian church)

• Calvisim was attacked by the liberal views in the 1790s and the second great awakening consisted of educated people.

• Reverend dwight was the president of yale college in CT and he motivated young men to become evangelical preachers

  • More successful preachers came about in the early 1800s as a result and allowed the concepts of the religion to be understood by those who were uneducated

  • Opportunity for salvation by all

• Presbyterian revived and the ministers converted many new england settlers.

  • Fear of damnation and appealed to the people’s emotions. Told people to work hard to prove their faith to God.

• Baptists and methodists: traveled to attract many people to the outdoor preachings.

  • More faith in people who had never believed before. 1850-largest protestant denomination in the country

• Millennials: belief that Jesus would come again. October 21, 1844 was believed to be the day He would come back. Known as the seventh day adventists (christian denomination)

Mormons

ID - Joseph Smith & Brigham Young

• The church of Jesus Christ of Latter- day Saints (Mormons) - founded by Joseph Smith in 1830. Settled in IL. murdered by a local mob.

  • Book of mormon: belief that there was a connection between the American Indians and the lost tribes of israel.

  • To escape religious persecution, the mormons got a new leader: Brigham Young

    • New zion was their religious community(in the Utah the great salt lakes)

    • Polygamy: allowed a man to have more than one wife

Impact & connection to Market Revolution

With the religious revival, it was most likely connected and triggered by the societal changes in society. With more Americans worshiping and preaching about how they should save their soul from eternal damnation, more social reforms were enacted in effect to this and thousands had converted to Christianity. With more globalization from the telegraph and the betterment of transportation, there were more ideas of bettering the society that they lived in. The root of the second great awakening was a root to the growth and popularity of science and rationalism, leading to more religions.

Identify the significance & impact of the following social movements & individuals that emerged in the first half of the 1800s and were linked to the Second Great Awakening & Age of Reform.

Transcendentalism

Questioning of the doctrines of established churches and the business practices of the merchant class. These transcendentalist writers believed that the mythical and intuitive way of thinking led to a greater discovery of your inner self and that looking for the essence of God was most probable in nature. They challenged the materialism belief growing in American society and suggested that artistic expression was more important than the pursuit of wealth. Many transcendentalists valued individualism and saw organized institutions as unimportant and useless. Many supported reforms and did not like slavery.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

(1803-1882) - very individualistic and nationalistic spirit of Americans - told them not to imitate European culture and to create their own American culture. Argued for self-reliance, independent thinking, and the primacy of spiritual matters over material ones (religion). He was a northerner from MA and was a critic of slavery and a supporter for the Union in the civil war.

Henry David Thoreau

(1817-1862) lived in MA as well and was friends with emerson. He conducted a 2 year experiment of living in the woods in a cabin OUTSIDE of town. He observed nature and discovered the essential truths about life and about the universe. He wrote about this in his book Walden of 1854 and was remembered as a pioneer ecologist and conservationist. He was an advocate against violent protests and rather prefered nonviolent protests. He argued that disobeying unjust laws and accepting the penalty for doing so was fine and that refusing to pay a tax that would support an action that was deemed immoral was just. He inspired many nonviolent movements of both Gandhi in India and Martin Luther King Jr in the US.

Shakers

• Earliest religious command movements

• 6000 members in multiple communities (1840s)

• Held property commonly and kept men and women separate (forbid marriage and sexual relations)

• Due to the lack of membership, the shaker communities died out in the mid 1900s

The idea of Utopian communities, ID - Brook Farm, New Harmony, Oneida, etc

• Brook Farm: 1841 George Ripley was a protestant minister and had launched an experiment in MA (brook farm). The goal was to achieve a utopian effect between intellectuals and manual labor. However due to a fire and debts, the experiment ended in 1849. It was remembered for the atmosphere of artistic creativity, a great school and the appeal to the new england intelligent elite and the children

• New Harmony: was a secular nonreligious experiment in Indiana where Rober Own (a welsh industrialist and reformer) had hoped that the utopian socialist community would = inequity and alienation problems solution. However there was a lot of financial problems and disagreements within the community and the members

• Oneida Community: John Noyes (1848) started a community in NY where they would perform social and economic equality, community members would share property and then they would share their marriage partners. With this idea of free love and the sin surrounding the idea, there was a lot of controversy about the community. The community DID give good silverware production.

Develop the characteristics & important figures related to the emergence of National identity in the following areas

Art & Architecture

• Painting: portrayed the daily life of regular people (riding in riverboats or voting on election day) in the 1830s. The hudson river school was painted by thomas cole and frederick church and it displayed the romance age in the natural world.

• Architecture: from the classic Athens buildings and ideas, the American architects decided to use Greek styles to enhance the democratic spirit of the nation. Ancient Greek temples were the influence with the columns being implemented into the public buildings, banks, hotels, and some private homes.

Literature

• American literature movement!

• Due to the war of 1812, more American people became nationalistic and wrote books with american themes.

• Washington river and james cooper wrote fiction with american setting. Cooper wrote about a glorified frontiersman who was also a nobleman.

• Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote about the intolerance and conformity of American life and Moby Dick by Herman Melville reflected the theological and cultural conflicts of the era. (the pursuit of a white whale)

Develop the ideas, impact, & significance of the following Reform Movements of the early 1800s.

Temperance

Many men were alcoholics and were mostly the cause of social ills. Using moral exhortation, (1826) protestant ministers and others formed the American temperance society, raising awareness about the concerns of drinking. They tried to persuade the drinkers to abstain and in 1840, those who did so became the washingtonians and helped argue that alcohol was a disease in the making and it needed treatment for those who used it and abused it. Germans and the Irish were against the temperance campaign but could do nothing since many did not have political power. With less alcoholics, there would be less crime and poverty which would increase the worker’s efficiency of a job so factory workers and politicians joined the reform movement. (1851) Maine placed taxes on the sale of liquor and also prohibited the manufacturing and sale of the liquors. More states followed Maine's example and soon, with the help of women’s christian temperance union, the nation would acquire success in the passage of the 18th amendment in 1919.

Public Asylum & Prison Reform

ID - Dorothea Dix

With many criminals just being put in jails along with mentally ill people and paupers, there was no effect or reform of them being able to get better since they were just placed into these prisons without anything for them to do to fix themselves. They were forced to live in horrible conditions and were abused or neglected by caretakers. By setting up new public institutions, the goal was to help them be treated. Dorothea Dix was a former schoolteacher from MA and she did not like seeing mentally ill people locked up along with criminals in unsanitary cells. She brought public awareness to this fact and helped bring state legislature to build new mental hospitals and improve any of the existing institutions, helping mental patients receive professional treatment. PA was the first to do a prison reform, building penitentiaries where the prisoners would be in solitary confinement with time to reflect on their sins and be able to repent. The experiment was dropped though because amny of the prisoner’s committed suicide. With the prison asylum, they had a structure and discipline of bringing moral reform to the prisoners and in NY, the auburn system helped bring disciplinary sets of rules along with providing moral instruction and work programs.

Public & Higher Education

ID - Horace Mann

Horace Mann one of the leading advocates for the common public school movement. He was the sec of the MA BOE and he worked for more attendance for all children, a longer school year and an increase in teacher prep. By the 1840s the movement for public schools was spreading to the other states. Then, Mann and other reformers wanted children to gain moral principles in school so a PA teacher created a series of elementary textbooks that helped teach reading and morality. The readers were taught the virtues of hard work, punctuality, importance and sobriety. Protestants dominated these public schools so many Roman catholics founded private schools to go with the instruction of catholicism to the children. Then with more religious enthusiasm, protest denominations founded many small colleges in OH, IN, IL, and Iowa. oberlin college in OH and mount holyoke college in MA began to allow women.

Women’s Rights & Leadership in Moral Reform

Reform movements included women's rights with how they wanted to be involved in the antislavery movement, resented the way that men made them and viewed them as secondary to society and prevented them from partaking in any of the policy discussions. Sarah and angelina grimke were opposed to male opposition to their anti slavery activities. So, the two sisters wrote the letter on the condition of women and the equality of the sexes in 1937. Lucretia mott and elizabeth cady stanton campaigned for women's rights and were in consequence, banned from speaking at any anti slavery conventions. Mann and other reformers wanted children to gain moral principles in school so a PA teacher created a series of elementary textbooks that helped teach reading and morality. The readers were taught the virtues of hard work, punctuality, importance and sobriety.

Seneca Falls Convention, 1848

Many of the leading feminists met in Seneca Falls in NY in 1848 to discuss women's rights. They created a similar document to the declaration of independence as a form of symbolism and their declaration of sentiments stated that all men AND women were created equal and then they listened to their grievances towards unjust laws and customs that were discriminatory against women. After the convention, susan b anthony and elizabeth stanton led campaigns to advocate for equal voting, legal and property rights for women. however in the 1850s, the propaganda was overshadowed by slavery.

American Colonization Society

With the previous experiment of trying to transport freed slaves to the african colonies in 1817 failing, this led to the foundation of the american colonization society. They appealed to the moderate anti slavery reformers and politicians since many whites had racist attitudes and they hoped for the safety of them to remove free blacks from US society. In 1822, the society created an african american settlement in liberia however the colonization ws not practical since between 1820 and 1860, only 12000 african americans had settled in africa and the slave population had grown to 2.5 million.

Abolition

ID - William Lloyd Garrison

(1831) william lloyd garrison published an abolitionist newspaper the liberator and this was the beginning of the radical abolitionist movement. Garrison advocated for the immediate abolition of slavery in every state and territory without the compensation of slave owners and in 1833 he and other abolitionists founded the American antislavery society. He attacked slavery since the constitution was condemned as a proslavery document. He stated that there could be no united union with slaveholders until they repent their sins and freed their slaves.

The Liberty Party

Because of the radical way garrison handled his protesting and beliefs, this led to a split in the abolitionist movement. Political action was believed to be better so a group of northerners formed the liberty party in 1840 and they ran James Birney for the presidential candidate in the 1840 election and the 1844 election. Their pledge was to bring the end to slavery through political and legal means.

Black Abolitionists, ID - Frederick Douglas

Any of the free african americans and escaped slaves were the most critics of the slavery and frederick douglas was a former slave who spoke out against the brutality and degradation of slavery and it was true and he rose awareness about it since he had experienced it firsthand. (1847)he started the north star which was an antislavery journal of his. harriet tubman, david ruggles, sojourner truth and others helped form the underground railroad to assist fugitive slaves escape slavery to the free territories in the north or even further- to canada since slavery was prohibited there.