U.S. History II

The West

• government wants westward expansion

• manifest destiny fulfilled

• gov. wants people to move to the west

westward expansion

• railroads

  • faster

  • safer

  • shorter trip (months)

• settlement

• Indian policy

Transcontinental Railroad

• prior to transcontinental railroad

  • significant railroad mileage east Mississippi

  • pretty much nothing to the west

• Pacific railway act (1862)

  • Union Pacific railroad

    • start in Nebraska and build westward

  • Central Pacific railroad

    • start in California and built eastward

• gov. wanted railroad built quickly

  • offered incentives such as:

    • low interest loans ($16-48,000 per mile of track built)

    • 10² mi of land per mi of track built

• Problems with construction

  • quality

    • track immediately repaired after being built

  • corruption

    • bribed surveyors to ensure max incentive from gov.

  • labor shortages

    • civil war

    • immigrant workers

      • Irish

      • Mormon

  • environment

    • buffalo hunted

      • to break Indian resistance

      • to feed railroad workers for free

      • bounties (they make money)

• railroad complete at promontory point (1869)

  • union made it further bc of flat prairie

  • central pacific had to build on mountains

  • railroads meet

  • celebratory photo purposely excluded Chinese workers

settlement

• homestead act of 1862

  • 160 acres of land

  • occupy and improve for five years

  • Exodusters

  • homestead life

Mexican-American Losses

• Mexican-American war

• seizure of communal

• seasonal wage labor

American Indian Policy

• Indian removal act

• Oklahoma land ru

Sioux

• treaty of fort Larry

  • 1868

• George Custer

  • battle of little bi

  • sitting bull

Sioux Ghost Dance

• Dawes Act

  • Goal: assimilation

• Ghost Dance

  • Wovoka

• Battle of Wounded Knee

Indian Land Cessions, 1860-1894

New South

Emerging Industry

• factories

  • workers were paid less in the south due to poor economy after Civil War

• textiles

  • big industry in the south during and after Civil War

• steel

  • buildings (skyscrapers)

  • railroads

  • guns

• steel mills

  • Birmingham, Alabama

• railroads

• manufacturing

• forestry

• textiles

  • cotton

Women in the New South

• Woman’s Christian Temperance Union

  • Carrie Nation

Freedmen

Freedman: former slaves

• sharecropping

  • crop-lien system

New South Politics

• Ku Klux Klan

  • lynching

• redemption

• democratic party

  • solid south

Sharecropping

• Homestead Act (1862)

  • head of homestead could earn:

    • 160 acres of land

    • occupy and improve for 5 years

    • about $10

  • sharecropper is given 40 acres of land and give half the crop to head to pay rent

• Crop-Lien System

• 90% of freedmen ended up as sharecroppers

  • many slaves struggled in gaining wealth

  • they also lacked marketable skills outside of agriculture

  • sharecropping replaces slavery as a way to control freedman

White Terror

• lynching

• Ku Klux Klan

• white counsels

Segregation

• separate train cars for blacks and whites

• Plessy v. Fergus

  • Homer Plessy

  • \frac78 white

  • by law, if you were \frac{1}{16} black, you were black

  • “separate but equal”

• Jim Crow Laws

  • blacks couldn’t serve on juries, testify against a white person in court

  • all public spaces are segregated

Jim Crow Laws

• disenfranchisement

  • poll taxes

  • grandfather clauses

  • literacy tests

    • understanding clauses

• vagrancy

  • another way to control the black population

• debt peonage

• pig law

  • targets people who steal livestock

  • illegal to steal anything the value of a pig or more (\ge$15)

• convict lease

  • convicts are leased out to people who then force the convicts to work

  • William Hardy received most of the non-violent convicts

    • paid the state for the prisoners

    • subleased the prisoners to someone else

  • black convicts were treated so badly that white people said “we shouldn’t be doing this”

• Parchman

  • prison work farm

    • remote areas away from public eye

Long-Term Effects

• 1900

  • 22% of blacks owned their home

  • 37% of black makes and 41.9% of black females 6-13 attended school

• 1940

  • 60% of employed black women worked as domestic servants

• 1960

  • 38% of blacks owned homes

  • 65% of whites owned homes

Responses of the Black Community

• Booker T. Washington

  • Atlanta Compromise

• W.E.B Du Bois

  • National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

• Great Migration

Rise of Industry

American Labor Force (1870-1910)

Robber Barons of Captains of Industry

• Andrew Carnegie

  • Carnegie steel

  • vertical integration

• John D. Rockefeller

  • standard oil

  • horizontal integration

Advertising

Factory Conditions

• long hours

• low pay

• dangerous

• child labor

• environment

wealth and poverty

• tenement houses

responses to poverty

• gospel of wealth

• social darwinism

• Horatio Alger

  • Ragged Dick

Unions

• Knights of Labor

  • Terrance Powderly

  • goals

  • Haymarket Square

• American Federation of Labor

  • goals

Imperialism

Causes of Imperialism

• Social Darwinism

  • Herbert Spencer

• “White Man’s Burden”

  • Rudyard Kilping

• Christianity

• Mahanism

  • Alfred T. Mahan

    1. have a strong navy

    2. take over Pacific islands

    3. build a canal through Panama

• economics

Expansion in the Pacific

• Alaska

  • 1867

  • William Seward

  • Seward’s Folly

• Hawaii

  • 1897

  • William McKinley

Spanish-American War

• Yellow Journalism

  • when newspaper companies write to sell papers rather than selling the truth

  • clickbait

    • Joseph Pulitzer

      • New York World

    • William Randolph Hearst

      • New York Journal

• Theodore Roosevelt

  • Harvard grad.

  • police commissioner

  • assistant secretary navy

  • rancher out west

  • created “Rough Riders” and fought in the Spanish-American war

  • created modern football

  • trust buster

  • labor unions

  • first president environmentalist

  • responsible for Pure Food and Drug Act

  • progressive reforms

  • teddy bear named after him

  • Panama canal

• U.S.S. Maine

• Treaty of Paris

Cuba

• no treaties

• Guantanamo Bay

• trade only with the U.S.

• Teller Amendment

• Platt Amendment

• economic capitalism

Philippine-American War

• immediately after the war, the U.S. turned the Philippines into a territory

• U.S. set up concentration camps for women and children, and tortured men

• banana republic

  • Honduras

Panama Canal

• Theodore Roosevelt

• French

• Colombia

• Panamanian Independence

  • U.S. incited war so they could build the canal`

• Obstacles

  • Yellow Fever

  • Malaria

U.S. Interests in the Caribbean

Approaching the Turn of the Century

The Growth of American Cities (1880-1920)

• urbanization

• immigration

• Kansas is the first state to give women the right to vote

Great Migration

• southern blacks are moving to northern cities

New Immigrants

• Southern and Eastern Europe

  • Italy, Greece, Russia

  • Russian Jews

• China

• Japan

• Mexico

• Ellis Island

  • immigrant processing station

• Working Conditions

  • Laisses-Faire

    • low pay

    • child labor

    • long hours

    • dangerous

• Living Conditions

  • overcrowding

  • dirty

  • disease

  • tenements

Patterns of Migration (1820-1914)

Tenement

Nativism

• Naturalization Act od 1870

• Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

• American Protective Association

• Immigration Restriction League

Panic of 1893

• Grange

  • Oliver Kelly

• Coxey’s Army

Politics

• Political Machine

  • party boss

  • spoils system

  • Tammany Hall

    • Boss Tweed

Politics

• Sound Money v. Free Silver

• Sherman Silver Purchase Act

Election of 1896

• Williams Jennings Bryan

  • populasts

  • free silver

• WIlliam McKinley

  • gold standard

  • high tariffs

Election of 1896

Progressive Era

Muckraker

• Upton Sinclair

  • The Jungle

  • Meat factories were incredibly unsanitary (rats and rat poison everywhere)

  • Pure Food and Drug Act

    • Inspectors have to check on things and make sure food is accurately labeled

• Ida Tarbell

  • History of the Standard Oil Company

  • John Rockefeller

• Trustbuster

  • Theodore Roosevelt

Settlement Houses and Urban Reform

• Hull House in Chicago

  • Jane Addams

  • First daycare

  • operated on charity (always low on money)

• The growth of Federal Reserves, including leading national parks and national forests

Labor

• Long hours

• Low pay

• Poor treatment

• Child labor

Labor Reform

• Labor Union

• American Federation of Labor

  • Samuel Gompers

• State Intervention

  • By 1920, all states “outlawed” child labor (raised working age to 12)

Socialism

• Eugene v. Debs

  • Pullman Striker

Campaign for Morality

• Anthony Comstock

  • hated pornography

  • Comstock Act

    • banned anything sexual or anything alluding to sex arriving through the mail

  • Mann Act

    • no transporting women for immoral purposes

• Juvenile Protective Association

  • no dancing inappropriately

• Morals Efficiency League

  • no premarital sex

• Laws based purely based on morals are called blue laws

  • liquor stores being closed on Sundays

  • same sex marriage

• Laws based purely based on protection

  • speed limit

• Prohibition

  • Woman’s Christian Temperance Union

  • Anti-Saloon League

  • Carrie Nation

    • hatchetations

  • 18^th Amendment

Women’s Rights

• national woman suffrage movement

  • Carrie Chapman Catt

  • Harriot Stanton Bl

  • 19^th Amendment

• Birth Control

  • Margaret Sanger

  • national birth control league

  • Eugenics

  • Planned Parenthood

Government Reform

• voting

  • Australian ballot

  • introduction of the mob

• direct primaries

• disfranchisement

  • poll taxes

  • grandfather clauses

  • literacy tests

    • understanding clauses

Theodore Roosevelt

• used mine workers

• Northern Securities Case

  • J.P. Morgan

  • Trustbusting

William Howard Taft

The Election of 1912

Woodrow Wilson

• Constitutional Amendments

  • 16^th Amendment

    • income tax

  • 17^th Amendment

    • direct election of U.S. senators

  • 18th amendment

    • prohibition

  • 19^th Amendment

    • women can vote

• fundamentalism

• Butler act

World War I

Causes of World War I

• Imperialism

• Arms race

• Alliance systems

• Nationalism

• Assassination of Franz Ferdinand

  • Gavrilo principal

Trench Warfare

Anti-War Propaganda

President Woodrow Wilson

U.S. Entrance Into WWI

• Unrestricted submarine warfare

• Lusitania

• Zimmerman telegram

War on the Home Front

• Selective service act

• William Mcadoo

  • Liberty bonds

• Committee on public information

  • George Creel

• War industries board

  • Bernard Baruch

Patriotism and Volunteerism

• Food Administration

  • Herbert Hoover

World War I

• Russian Revolution

  • Grigori Rasputin

  • Vladamir Lenin

  • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

• Spring Offensive

• Armistice

Peace

• Fourteen points

• Paris Peace Conference

  • George Clemenceau

  • George, Woodrow Wilson

• Versailles Treaty

Results

• Loss of life

• Devastation in Europe

• Spread of disease

• Anti-German hysteria

• Racial Inequality

• Red scare

Trench Warfare

• trench foot

• trench fever

• isolationism

• propaganda

U.S. Entrance into WWI

• Unrestricted submarine warfare

• Lusitania 

• Zimmerman Telegram

War on the homefront

• Selective service act

World War I

• Russian Revolution

  • Grigori Rasputin

  • Vladimir Lenin

  • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

• Spring Offensive

• Dough boys

• Armistice

Peace

• Fourteen Points

• Paris Peace Conference

  • George Clemenceau, David Lloyd George, Woodrow Wilson

• Versailles Treaty

  • Direct cause of WWII

Results

• Loss of life

• Devastation in Europe

• Spread of disease

• Anti-German hysteria

• Racial inequality

• Red Scare

1920s

• Consumerism

  • luxury items

  • advertising

  • interchangeable parts

• Art Deco

• Conformity

• Supermarket

Assembly Line

Entertainment

• Charles Lindbergh

• Movies

  • Rudolph Valentino

• Spectator Sport

  • Baseball

  • Boxing

Jazz Age

• Louis Armstrong

• Flapper

• Speakeasy

Prohibition

• 18th amendment

• Volstead Act

• Bootleggers

• Al Capone

  • 15 years in prison for “tax evasion”

• 21st Amendment

Nativism

• Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti

  • Accused of murdering a guard who was carrying a shoe factory pay roll

  • Webster Thayer

    • refused to let evidence into court that would prove Sacco and Vanzetti’s innocence

    • called them “anarchist bastards”

    • spent the trial proving they were anarchists, not whether they killed someone

• National Origins Act

• Ku Klux Klan

New Morality

• Evangelists

  • Billy Sunday

  • Aimee Semple McPherson

• Fundamentalism

• Scopes Trial

Big Business

• Oligopoly

• Yellow-Dog contracts

• Welfare Capitalism

• Wages

• Farming

Herbert Hoover

• War debts and economic expansion

• Rejecting war

• Managing the hemisphere

• Hoover and the final triumph of the new era

24.5.1 War Debts and Economic Expansion

• United States became a creditor nation

  • European war debts

• Multinational Corporations

  • Ford

  • International telephone and telegraph

• United Fruit Company

• Bureau of Foreign Commerce

  • Offices around the world

24.5.2 Rejecting War

• 1921: Washington Naval Conference

  • Disarmament

  • Suspended shipbuilding

• 1928: Kellog-Briand Pact 

• Sixty-four nations

24.5.3 Managing the Hemisphere

• Interventions

  • Fewer than earlier

  • But enough to raise resentment

  • Haiti, Cuba, and Panama still occupied

• 1928: Inter-America Conference

  • Condemned Intervention

• Clark Memorandum

  • Backed off from Roosevelt Corollary

24.5.4 Hoover and the Final Triumph of the New Era

• Hoover’s cooperative federalism

  • Moderately progressive

• Al Smith exacerbated culture wars

• Boasted that republicans could triumph over poverty

Great Depression

Causes

• Buying on Margin

  • Extending credit to buy stock

    • It’s illegal now

• Agricultural overproduction

  • When farmers plant more crops to make up for reduced crop prices

• Inequitable distribution of wealth

• Stock market crash

• It takes 8-10 years for any presidential policy to affect the economy

The Depression Spreads

• Hoovervilles

• Hoover flags

• Hoover blankets

• Dust bowl

Reactions

• Bonus march

• Election of 1932

• Franklin Roosevelt

New Deal

• Emergency Banking Act

  • shut down all banks, sent inspectors to check on banks, only stable banks were allowed to reopen

• Agricultural Adjustment Act

• Works Progress Administration

• Securities and Exchange Commission

• Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

• Social Security Act

Rise of Fascism

• Benito Mussolini

• Adolf Hitler

German Aggression

• Lebensraum

• Rhineland

• Anschluss

• Sudetenland

• Poland

World War II

Rise of Fascism

• Benito Mussolini

• Adolf Hitler

German Aggression

• Lebensraum

• Rhineland

• Anschluss

• Sudetenland

• Poland

Alliances

• Allies

  • Great Britain, France, Soviet Union

• Axis

  • Germany, Italy, Japan

Hitler’s War in Europe

• Blitzkrieg

• French Surrender

• Battle of Britain

• June 1941: Invasion of Soviet Union

U.S. Neutrality

• Draft

• Lend-Lease Act

December 7, 1941

• Pearl Harbor

Mexican Americans

• Bracero Program

Stopping Germany

• Battle of Stalingrad

• D-Day Invasion

• Hitler’s suicide

• German surrender

Manhattan Project

• Harry Truman

Atomic Bomb

• Hiroshima

• Nagasaki

  

Settlement With Germany

• De-Nazify Germany

• Nuremburg Trials

• Occupation of Germany

Settlement with Japan

• Tokyo War Crimes Trials

• Occupation of Japan

Cold War

End of the Grand Alliance

• Winston Churchill

  • Iron Curtain

• George Kennan

  • Containment

Cold War Policies

• Truman Doctrine

  • Greece and Turkey

  • Marshall Plan

  • George Marshall

Soviet Reaction

• Berlin Blockade

American Rearmament

• Central Intelligence Agency

• National Security Council

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization

• Warsaw Pact

Cold War in Asia

• Chinese Civil War

  • Chiang Kai-Shek

  • Mao Zedong

Korean War

• 38th Parallel

Election of 1948

• Harry Truman

• Strom Thurmond

• Henry Wallace Thomas Dewey

Truman’s Fair Deal

• Increase minimum wage

• Extend Social Security

• Housing Act of 1949

• Congress killed other proposals

Naming Names to Congress

• House Un-American Activities Committee

• Hollywood 

• “Reeducators”

Subversion Trials

• Alger Hiss

• Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

Joseph McCarthy

• McCarthyism

Dwight Eisenhower

• Richard Nixon

• Dynamic Conservation

• Highway Act of 1956

Vietnam War

• Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

• Tet Offensive

• Vietnamization

Détente

• Richard Nixon

• Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty

• Mikhail Gorbachev

• Ronald Reagan

• Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty

End of the Cold War

• Glasnost

• Perestroika

• George Bush

• Berlin Wall

• Gorbachev resigns

Civil Rights Movement

Brown v. Board of Education

• Linda Brown 

• Thurgood Marshall

• Earl Warren

• Little Rock Nine

Montgomery Bus Boycott

• Rosa Parks

• Martin Luther King, Jr.

Kennedy Assassination

• Lee Harvey Oswald

• Jack Ruby

Civil Rights, 1964-1965

• Civil Rights Aft of 1964

• SNCC

  • Freedom Summer

• Voting Rights Act

Black Power Movement

• Malcom X

• Cassius Clay

• Black Panthers