U.S. History II
The West
government wants westward expansion
manifest destiny fulfilled
gov. wants people to move to the west
westward expansion
railroads
faster
safer
shorter trip (months)
settlement
Indian policy
Transcontinental Railroad
prior to transcontinental railroad
significant railroad mileage east Mississippi
pretty much nothing to the west
Pacific railway act (1862)
Union Pacific railroad
start in Nebraska and build westward
Central Pacific railroad
start in California and built eastward
gov. wanted railroad built quickly
offered incentives such as:
low interest loans ($16-48,000 per mile of track built)
10² mi of land per mi of track built
Problems with construction
quality
track immediately repaired after being built
corruption
bribed surveyors to ensure max incentive from gov.
labor shortages
civil war
immigrant workers
Irish
Mormon
environment
buffalo hunted
to break Indian resistance
to feed railroad workers for free
bounties (they make money)
railroad complete at promontory point (1869)
union made it further bc of flat prairie
central pacific had to build on mountains
railroads meet
celebratory photo purposely excluded Chinese workers
settlement
homestead act of 1862
160 acres of land
occupy and improve for five years
Exodusters
homestead life
Mexican-American Losses
Mexican-American war
seizure of communal
seasonal wage labor
American Indian Policy
Indian removal act
Oklahoma land ru
Sioux
treaty of fort Larry
1868
George Custer
battle of little bi
sitting bull
Sioux Ghost Dance
Dawes Act
Goal: assimilation
Ghost Dance
Wovoka
Battle of Wounded Knee
Indian Land Cessions, 1860-1894
New South
Emerging Industry
factories
workers were paid less in the south due to poor economy after Civil War
textiles
big industry in the south during and after Civil War
steel
buildings (skyscrapers)
railroads
guns
steel mills
Birmingham, Alabama
railroads
manufacturing
forestry
textiles
cotton
Women in the New South
Woman’s Christian Temperance Union
Carrie Nation
Freedmen
Freedman: former slaves
sharecropping
crop-lien system
New South Politics
Ku Klux Klan
lynching
redemption
democratic party
solid south
Sharecropping
Homestead Act (1862)
head of homestead could earn:
160 acres of land
occupy and improve for 5 years
about $10
sharecropper is given 40 acres of land and give half the crop to head to pay rent
Crop-Lien System
90% of freedmen ended up as sharecroppers
many slaves struggled in gaining wealth
they also lacked marketable skills outside of agriculture
sharecropping replaces slavery as a way to control freedman
White Terror
lynching
Ku Klux Klan
white counsels
Segregation
separate train cars for blacks and whites
Plessy v. Fergus
Homer Plessy
\frac78 white
by law, if you were \frac{1}{16} black, you were black
“separate but equal”
Jim Crow Laws
blacks couldn’t serve on juries, testify against a white person in court
all public spaces are segregated
Jim Crow Laws
disenfranchisement
poll taxes
grandfather clauses
literacy tests
understanding clauses
vagrancy
another way to control the black population
debt peonage
pig law
targets people who steal livestock
illegal to steal anything the value of a pig or more (\ge$15)
convict lease
convicts are leased out to people who then force the convicts to work
William Hardy received most of the non-violent convicts
paid the state for the prisoners
subleased the prisoners to someone else
black convicts were treated so badly that white people said “we shouldn’t be doing this”
Parchman
prison work farm
remote areas away from public eye
Long-Term Effects
1900
22% of blacks owned their home
37% of black makes and 41.9% of black females 6-13 attended school
1940
60% of employed black women worked as domestic servants
1960
38% of blacks owned homes
65% of whites owned homes
Responses of the Black Community
Booker T. Washington
Atlanta Compromise
W.E.B Du Bois
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
Great Migration
Rise of Industry
American Labor Force (1870-1910)
Robber Barons of Captains of Industry
Andrew Carnegie
Carnegie steel
vertical integration
John D. Rockefeller
standard oil
horizontal integration
Advertising
Factory Conditions
long hours
low pay
dangerous
child labor
environment
wealth and poverty
tenement houses
responses to poverty
gospel of wealth
social darwinism
Horatio Alger
Ragged Dick
Unions
Knights of Labor
Terrance Powderly
goals
Haymarket Square
American Federation of Labor
goals
Imperialism
Causes of Imperialism
Social Darwinism
Herbert Spencer
“White Man’s Burden”
Rudyard Kilping
Christianity
Mahanism
Alfred T. Mahan
have a strong navy
take over Pacific islands
build a canal through Panama
economics
Expansion in the Pacific
Alaska
1867
William Seward
Seward’s Folly
Hawaii
1897
William McKinley
Spanish-American War
Yellow Journalism
when newspaper companies write to sell papers rather than selling the truth
clickbait
Joseph Pulitzer
New York World
William Randolph Hearst
New York Journal
Theodore Roosevelt
Harvard grad.
police commissioner
assistant secretary navy
rancher out west
created “Rough Riders” and fought in the Spanish-American war
created modern football
trust buster
labor unions
first president environmentalist
responsible for Pure Food and Drug Act
progressive reforms
teddy bear named after him
Panama canal
U.S.S. Maine
Treaty of Paris
Cuba
no treaties
Guantanamo Bay
trade only with the U.S.
Teller Amendment
Platt Amendment
economic capitalism
Philippine-American War
immediately after the war, the U.S. turned the Philippines into a territory
U.S. set up concentration camps for women and children, and tortured men
banana republic
Honduras
Panama Canal
Theodore Roosevelt
French
Colombia
Panamanian Independence
U.S. incited war so they could build the canal`
Obstacles
Yellow Fever
Malaria
U.S. Interests in the Caribbean
Approaching the Turn of the Century
The Growth of American Cities (1880-1920)
urbanization
immigration
Kansas is the first state to give women the right to vote
Great Migration
southern blacks are moving to northern cities
New Immigrants
Southern and Eastern Europe
Italy, Greece, Russia
Russian Jews
China
Japan
Mexico
Ellis Island
immigrant processing station
Working Conditions
Laisses-Faire
low pay
child labor
long hours
dangerous
Living Conditions
overcrowding
dirty
disease
tenements
Patterns of Migration (1820-1914)
Tenement
Nativism
Naturalization Act od 1870
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
American Protective Association
Immigration Restriction League
Panic of 1893
Grange
Oliver Kelly
Coxey’s Army
Politics
Political Machine
party boss
spoils system
Tammany Hall
Boss Tweed
Politics
Sound Money v. Free Silver
Sherman Silver Purchase Act
Election of 1896
Williams Jennings Bryan
populasts
free silver
WIlliam McKinley
gold standard
high tariffs
Election of 1896
Progressive Era
Muckraker
Upton Sinclair
The Jungle
Meat factories were incredibly unsanitary (rats and rat poison everywhere)
Pure Food and Drug Act
Inspectors have to check on things and make sure food is accurately labeled
Ida Tarbell
History of the Standard Oil Company
John Rockefeller
Trustbuster
Theodore Roosevelt
Settlement Houses and Urban Reform
Hull House in Chicago
Jane Addams
First daycare
operated on charity (always low on money)
The growth of Federal Reserves, including leading national parks and national forests
Labor
Long hours
Low pay
Poor treatment
Child labor
Labor Reform
Labor Union
American Federation of Labor
Samuel Gompers
State Intervention
By 1920, all states “outlawed” child labor (raised working age to 12)
Socialism
Eugene v. Debs
Pullman Striker
Campaign for Morality
Anthony Comstock
hated pornography
Comstock Act
banned anything sexual or anything alluding to sex arriving through the mail
Mann Act
no transporting women for immoral purposes
Juvenile Protective Association
no dancing inappropriately
Morals Efficiency League
no premarital sex
Laws based purely based on morals are called blue laws
liquor stores being closed on Sundays
same sex marriage
Laws based purely based on protection
speed limit
Prohibition
Woman’s Christian Temperance Union
Anti-Saloon League
Carrie Nation
hatchetations
18th Amendment
Women’s Rights
national woman suffrage movement
Carrie Chapman Catt
Harriot Stanton Bl
19th Amendment
Birth Control
Margaret Sanger
national birth control league
Eugenics
Planned Parenthood
Government Reform
voting
Australian ballot
introduction of the mob
direct primaries
disfranchisement
poll taxes
grandfather clauses
literacy tests
understanding clauses
Theodore Roosevelt
used mine workers
Northern Securities Case
J.P. Morgan
Trustbusting
William Howard Taft
The Election of 1912
Woodrow Wilson
Constitutional Amendments
16th Amendment
income tax
17th Amendment
direct election of U.S. senators
18th amendment
prohibition
19th Amendment
women can vote