unit 2

Protected area - A place conserved by a set of rules

Gross domestic product(GDP)- The total value of all goods and services produced in a country in the year

Negative impacts- that affects the travel and tourism has on a place and/or local people

Biodiversity- The degree of Variation in living things

Ecosystem- The net worth of things between living things and the environment

2.1

Growth and travel and tourism has had economic, environmental, and social cultural impacts

Economic impacts- The effects travel and tourism has on money and jobs

Environmental impacts- The effects that travel and tourism has on the environment. impacts can be positive or negative

Sociocultural impacts- The effects that travel and tourism has on people and their way of life

Economic factors are affect tourism demands

economic factors-to do with moneyyy

Tourism demand- has much desire there is to travel to destinations

Ex: National governments of countries manage the factors that affect demand for tourism in their countries

Disposable income - The remaining parts of income after paying taxes and buying necessities

• people having to spend on travel

Social

social factors affect tourism demand

Social factors- to do with people and communities

Demographic- facts about population including numbers, age ,and disposable income

• demographics are affected by the outbound tourist from a country

Ex: some countries have increased retired people who have more leisure time to travel

• Health awareness has increased demand for outdoor activities

Social consciousness- an awareness of other people and the difficulties they face in life

• social media has increased consumer awareness

Socially sustainable tourism- minimizes the negative social impact and maximizes the positive social impacts of travel and tourism on a destination

Technological

Technological factors- to do with practical science applications and engineering

ex: more airports bigger and faster trains

• develop information technology(IT) online booking and social media

Online booking - use of the Internet to reserve

ex: accommodation and transport

Social media - ways of sharing information using the Internet

Political

Political factors -to do with how the countries are governed and what can happen as a result

• terrorism and war deter tourism

• Political and instability reduce tourism

• Safety concerns decreased travel demands

• Travel restrictions to limit tourism

Factors- reasons that affect how things are and how things change

Environmental

Environmental factors-to do with nature and climate

• Extreme weather(storms hurricanes and typhoons)

• Natural disasters( earthquakes tsunami‘s volcanic eruption‘s)

Health

Health factors- to do with peoples health and with disease

Ex: cOVID-19 pandemic change the travel and tourism

Sustainable tourism is growing

• helps the environment (protect nature)

• Create jobs (local guides, eco lodges)

• Protects culture( supporting local artisans )

• Fits travel trends (people who want Authentic experience)

4 reasons why

1. Changing customers attitudes: tourism are increasingly concerned about the environmental and social impacts of tourism preferring sustainable options that protect local communities and the environment

2. Media influence: information about sustainable tourism widely discriminated throughout various media influence public opinions and promoting awareness. social media platforms facilitate the sharing of information and experience further amplifying the message

3. Availability and promotion of sustainable tourism product and service: The increased demand for sustainable tourism has led to a great supply of eco-friendly travel options. tourism providers actively promote these products and services to attract environmentally conscious tourist

4. Government policies: National government actively support sustainable tourism initiative because it’s generates economic benefits while protecting the environment in local cultures. they implement policies to encourage and regulate sustainable tourism practices

Directly employed- this means having a job in a travel and tourism organization

Green destinations- A status awarded by the green destinations foundation

Greening-making something environmentally sustainable

Value chain -The set of linked products and services on which tourists spend money to create income for a destination

2.2

location- where a destination is

• Accessibility (Paris with its airports and roads and rail lines)

• Unique appeal( Maldives )

Weather and seasonal characteristics

• predictable weather patterns

ex: Santa Barbara ( summer sunshine )

Ex: Brecldcenbrige (winter sports from November to April)

Topological features- surface features of the landscape such as mountains ,lakes, rivers ,and valleys

• natural landscapes

  ex: Breckenridge (mountains, biking ,hiking ,fishing ,white water rafting, golfing)

Accessibility- how is it a destination is to reach

• good transport links and provision for tourist with special needs

Ex: Orlando Florida international airport and Copenhagen Airports services for persons with mobility issues

Gateways- An entry point to a destination

ex: airports railway stations in arrival towns

Hub- place where tourist change from one type of transport to another

• gateways and hubs Airport improve accessibility

Ex: Orlando international airport gateways for international flights and hub for domestic connections

Infrastructure- The transport framework of a destination including public transport roads airport and ports

• public transport, roads,airport’s , & ports for assess ability

Ex : Paris ( international airports, motorways , and high- speed rail networks)

• Appeal comes from natural beauty and built environments)

Ex: Ha long bay (Vietnam) - limestone island rainforest, and the old part of Hoi An

• cultural Attraction like markets , traditions, and performance draws tourist

  ex : Marrakech ( Morocco) - Jemma el- Fna square with traders , food stalls , performance

• respecting local customs influences tourist Appeal

ex : Modest dressing in Marrakech and cultural sensitivity in New Zealand’s Bay of Plenty

• Toursim providers shape the tourist experience

Ex: Package tour in Australia

Sustainable Tourism - Promoting eco-friendly practices

Ex: Implementing recycling programs in hotels

Risk management- handling crises like disease outbreak

Ex: Covid-19 protocols in tourist areas

Demand Control: Managing over tourism

ex: limited daily visitors to popular sites

Policy Development: Attracting tourist through polices

ex: Visa-free entry for certain nationalities

Future plans: Developing long-term tourism plans

ex: Creating new attractions for future visitors

Services:

• marketing strategies: Building a destination brand

ex: “Visit Dubai” campaign

• Destination Promotion: Advertising the destination

ex: Tourism ads on TV and online

• Product Development: Creating new tourist experiences

ex: Adventure tour of cultural festivals

• infrastructure funding : Improving facilities

ex: Building new roads or airports

• information Provision : Supply info to tourist

Ex: Offering training to hotel staff

• Quality Control: Maintaining high standards

Ex:Hotel star rating

Marketing strategies - Plans that aims to market destinations. Marketing destinations involves making destination attractive to tourism customers

Consultation Support- Advice provided to help tourism organizations

National tourism organizations (NTO) - a government agency that promotes and market the tourism Product of a country

Destination management company (DMC)- A tourism business with local knowledge of a destination. A DMC provides customers with event, activities, tours , transport, and other services in the destination

Non -Government Organization(NGO)- a not-for profit organization of people who want to promote a product, services or causes, such as sustainable tourism. NGO’S are independent of government

2.4

Sustainability

Key idea- balance tourism with nature and local culture

ex: Eco-lodges that use solar power and hire local guides.

Risk& resilience

Key idea- Prepare for disaster and bounce back quickly

Ex: Building hotels on higher ground to avoid floods

Carrying capacity-the maximum numbers of visitors a destination or attraction can welcome without causing environmental damage or spoiling the tourism experience

Over tourism- where are too many tourist in a destination. This harms the destination environment and causes difficulties for local people.Tourism do not enjoy the destination as much

Carrying capacity

Key idea - Don’t let too many tourist ruin the place

ex: Limited the numbers of daily visitors to a national park

Seasonality

Key idea- Make money year- round, not just peak- season

Ex: Ski resorts offering hiking and mountains

Government objectives

key idea- Government wants tourism to help the economy, protect, resources, and keep tourist safe

Ex: Creating laws to protect coral reef from damage.

Host community- a destination local people

World Heritage sites(WHS)- Destination and attraction that have been identified as especially important part of natural or build environment by UNESCO

Homestay holiday- holidays involving tourist staying in local people houses

2.5

Combat climate change- to take action against changes in the earths climate .Action such as producing less pollution are aimed at reducing climate change

Indigenous Communities

• Communities of the original inhabitants of a place.

Social Enterprises

• Organizations that try to be profitable while also supporting local and indigenous communities.

Protect Nature and Historical Sites

• Key Idea: Minimize harm to nature and historical sites.

• Examples:

  • Enforcing strict waste disposal policies and recycling programs in tourist areas.

  • Restoring historic buildings using sustainable materials.

Community Tourism

• Involves local communities inviting tourists to visit and stay in their homes.

• Often involves indigenous communities.

Nature Reserves

• Areas where the natural environment and biodiversity are protected.

Regional Tourism Organisation (RTO)

• An organization that promotes and markets the tourism product of a country.

Combat Climate Change

• Key Idea: Reduce the carbon footprint of tourism.

• Examples:

  • Reducing over-consumption, food waste, energy use, and water usage.

Empower Local Communities

• Key Idea: Give communities control and benefits from tourism.

• Examples:

  • Establishing community-owned and operated tourism businesses such as guided tours and craft shops.

  • Creating cultural centers where locals can showcase their traditions.

Supporting Social Sustainability

• Key Idea: Promote businesses that benefit both the community and the environment.

• Examples:

  • Supporting local farmers who supply restaurants with organic produce.

  • Creating jobs for local people to increase economic and social sustainability of the destination.

Customs

• Local-established ways of behaving or traditional customs of local and indigenous destinations.

• Communities may have their own ways of living.

Sustainable Infrastructural Development

• Improving destinations' transport and tourism facilities sustainably.

Involving Visitors

• Clean-ups: Tourist activities helping locals to tidy the environment by removing rubbish.

Cultural Homestay

• A type of community tourism where tourist customers stay in the homes of local people and experience indigenous culture.

2.6

Economic Impacts

• Affecting money and jobs.

Environmental Impacts

• Affecting the environment.

Sociocultural Impacts

• Affecting people in their ways of life.

Positive Economic Impacts

• Benefit local people.

• Examples:

  • Tourism bringing jobs and money.

  • Travel & tourism organizations employ people, creating large numbers of jobs in destinations.

Carbon Footprint

• The amount of carbon dioxide pollution produced by a person or organization.

Quota

• A limit allowed to the number of visitors to a destination or attraction.

Over-Dependence

• When a destination depends too much on travel and tourism.

• Example: Dubai relying heavily on tourism.

All-Inclusive Resorts

• Hotels that provide a wide range of products and services on one site.

Positive Environmental Impacts

• Destination management.

  • Carrying capacity.

  • Tourism education.

  • Awareness programs.

  • Tourism organizations manage visitor numbers to ensure they are within the destination's limits.

• Responsible tourism.

• Increased environmental awareness for tourists and tourism staff.

• Positive influence in environmental conservation and regeneration through investment projects.

Negative Environmental Impacts

• Include air, water, and noise pollution.

  • Air pollution from transport (aircraft, motor vehicles, ships) pollutes the atmosphere, rivers, seas, and lakes.

  • Tourism traffic creates congestion, spoiling the environmental appeal of destinations.

  • Litter spoils the appeal of destinations and harms wildlife.

  • High visitor numbers can damage natural habitats.

• Waste disposal.

  • Tourism facilities, including hotels produce waste which causes pollution.

• Over-tourism causes depletion of resources like food, energy, and water.

Assets of a Destination

• Valued things that add appeal to a destination.

  • Natural assets include wildlife, landscape features.

  • Built assets include historic monuments and architecture.

Game Drives

• A drive in a 4x4 vehicle through a natural habitat to view wildlife.

Safari Walks

• An overland journey in a natural habitat to view wildlife.

Tourist Organizations

• Spending helps travel and tourism organizations to make money and generate profit.

  • Tourist spending enables organizations to invest and grow, and also to employ staff (creating more jobs).

Multiplier Effect

• How wealth created from tourist spending circulates in destinations.

  • Tourist spending benefits travel and tourism organizations, local businesses, and the government through taxes and other revenues.

Negative Economic Impacts

Inflation

• When prices increase.

• Example: Rent for an apartment used to be 2,000 per month, but increases to 3,500.

Import Leakage

• Happens when travel and tourism providers spend money abroad instead of buying locally.

• Example: Hotels importing food & drinks from abroad.

Export Leakage

• Can happen when hotels are foreign-owned and profits leave the country.

Economic Leakage

• When money from travel and tourism leaves (or leaks from) a country.

Job Losses

• People lose their jobs due to low season, where there is less demand compared to in-season.

Opportunity Cost

• When choices are made, the chance to do something else has been lost because something else has been chosen.

• Example: The opportunity to build a new school for local people can be lost due to tourism-related import/export leakage.