anthro exam

Karen horney: Challenged Freud (aka neo-Freudian) Was a feminist, the founder of feminine psychology Believed development is lifelong and not fixed in childhood Followed Freud’s basic concepts about the mind

Carl jung: Student of Freud Disagreed with Freud on a few issues; (e.g. the influence of sexuality on human behavior) Founded Analytical psychology

Sigmund Freud Freud believed human personality results from the ego’s effort to resolve conflicts Freud believed human development occurs in the first few years of life, as people struggle to resolve sexually based conflicts Freud used various methods; Examining dreams & fantasies Engage in free association (i.e. word association)

Id, ego, and superego:

Id: instincts(operated on the “pleasure principle”) Ego: reality(the rational part of the mind) Superego: morality(acts as the minds conscience)

Behavioral Psychologists Need empirical evidence, obtained through experimentation, to understand and change human behaviour

They believe that our actions are shaped by laws, education, socioeconomic forces, etc., and not thoughts, emotions, and personality, among others.

Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning

CC: Basic form of learning in which simple responses (e.g., salivation) are associated with a new or conditioned stimulus

OC: A stimulus leads to a behavior, which then leads to a consequence. Reinforcement vs Punishment

Positive reinforcement: Adding something valuable (money for doing hw) Positive Punishment: Adding something unpleasant (chores for not doing hw) Negative Punishment: Removing something valuable (no video games for not doing hw) Negative reinforcement: Avoiding something unpleasant (no chores for doing hw)

Pavlov’s Study Before: Neutral Stimulus: Ringing of the bell Unconditioned Stimulus: Dog Food Unconditioned Response: Drooling to dog food After: Conditioned Stimulus: The Ringing of the bell Conditioned Response: Drooling when the bell was heard

What did Pavlov Learn? Classical Conditioning: Is a type of learning that when you learn through an automatic conditioned response is paired with a specific stimulus Stimulus-response learning: Attempts to explain human behavior as a series of interactions between stimuli and the responses they evoke from human subjects.

B.F Skinner - The Experiment and Operant Conditioning: The Skinner Box: When a lever is pressed it causes a food pellet to go into the cage Lights would cause the rat to get distracted and cause the rat to life the lights but when it wouldmt press the level it could get shocked

Operant Conditioning: Reinforcement = Repeat behavior Punishment = Decrease behavior Adding something we like - “if you do your homework, you get ice cream” Adding something we don't like - “spank” Subtracting something we don't like - “if you do your homework no test” Subtracting something we like - “takes away phone”

Short term memory and Long-term memory:

\ STM refers to what is going on in your mind right now. Short-term memory acts as a scratch-pad for temporary recall of the information under process.Repetition is key to STM Long-term memory involves the storage and recall of information over a long period of time.

What can we do to enhance our memories?

Getting enough sleep, eating healthy, exercising

What is mindfulness? What are the different forms of mindfulness and what are the benefits of mindfulness? Mindfulness: The quality of being conscious or aware of something Forms: meditation, deep breathing, visualization, yoga Benefits: lowering stress, decreasing depression, improving memory, and strengthening your relationships

What is the PFC responsible for? Prefrontal cortex: used for judgment, planning, organization

What do we know about the teen brain? Teens use the gut related amygdala and adults use PFC for decision making which might explain mood swings

Jim twins, and why they are important for the nature vs nurture debate. Jim Lewis and Jim Springer were only four weeks old when they were separated. The two were finally reunited at age 39. They had a LOT of Similarities they had bearing the same name, both 6 feet tall and weighing exactly 180 pounds, smoking Salem cigarettes and drinking Miller Lite beer.

They had some minor differences like styling their hair differently and one Jim mora conveyed himself through speech, while the other was at writing. These are important for the nature vs nurture debate as psychologists want to see if personality, habits are from genetics and inheritance or from environment and external factors. The twins are identical but separated in different environments yet they show shocking similarities (nature) but still some differences (likely nurture).

Why do Psychologists want to study twins? Psychologists want to answer the nature vs nurture debate. Separated twins share genetics but are raised in environments which you can analyze if they share any similarities even after growing up seperated. And if they have similarities it's because of their environment.

Psychopath, Sociopath and Narcissist Psychopath: 1% of the general population, born not made due to a genetic problem They do not feel remorse when they do something bad They are often the world’s serial killers, assassins, those that gut businesses Very manipulative and good at hiding emotions Sociopath: 4% of general population They are MADE through products of socialization Often taught to break rules Not as educated as psychopaths Narcissist: Selish, self obsessed people but still experience emotions ALL psychopaths are narcissists but not all narcissists are psychopaths

Killers born or made? Killers can be born or made. Psychopaths are born and they are mostly responsible for serial killings/mass killings meaning those killers are born. They can also be made with environmental factors such as growing up with abusive parents or witnessing violence at a young age.

What is mental health, mental illness and stigma? Mental health: includes our emotional, psychological, and social well-being. It affects how we think, feel, and act. Mental Illness: are health conditions involving changes in emotion, thinking or behavior (PTSD, Depression, Anxiety) Stigma: A set of negative attitudes towards a certain group of people. 4 domains of mental health: Cognitive: Skills and abilities such as problem solving, critical thinking, and creativity Emotional: Learning how to experience your emotions also learning how to manage and cope with them Social: Sense of belonging and relationships with others Physical: Development of the body and things impacted by things like sleep patterns and eating habits