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  • Cold War: A long period of tension and competition between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.

  • Soviet Union: A large country that existed from 1922 to 1991, made up of several republics, including Russia.

  • Joseph Stalin: The Soviet leader known for his harsh rule and efforts to rapidly industrialize the country until he died in 1953.

  • United Nations: An organization formed in 1945 to help countries work together and promote peace.

  • Security Council: A part of the United Nations that works to keep international peace, made up of 15 members, including five with special voting power.

  • Satellites: Countries that were independent but heavily influenced by the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

  • Winston Churchill: The British Prime Minister known for his leadership during WWII and for the phrase "Iron Curtain" describing the division in Europe.

  • Iron Curtain: A term for the division between Soviet-controlled and Western countries during the Cold War.

  • Containment in Europe (WOR): A strategy by the U.S. to stop the spread of communism after WWII.

  • Containment policy: A U.S. strategy to prevent the growth of the Soviet Union.

  • George Marshall: A U.S. Secretary of State who created a plan to help rebuild Europe after WWII.

  • Dean Acheson: A U.S. Secretary of State who helped create NATO and support against communism.

  • George F. Kennan: An American diplomat who wrote about the need to stop Soviet expansion, which became the guiding principle for U.S. foreign policy.

  • Truman Doctrine: A U.S. policy from 1947 to help countries resist communism.

  • Marshall Plan: A U.S. program to give money to help rebuild Western European countries after WWII.

  • Berlin airlift: When Western nations supplied West Berlin with food and goods by air after the Soviet blockade in 1948-1949.

  • West Germany: The part of Germany that was aligned with Western countries during the Cold War, officially formed in 1949.

  • East Germany: The part of Germany aligned with the Soviet Union during the same period, also formed in 1949.

  • North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): A military alliance formed in 1949 for Western countries to strengthen defense against the Soviet threat.

  • Warsaw Pact: A military alliance of Soviet and Eastern European countries formed in 1955 in response to NATO.

  • National Security Act: A 1947 U.S. law that reorganized the military in light of Cold War tensions.

  • Arms race: The competition between the U.S. and the Soviet Union to build more powerful weapons.

  • NSC-68: An important U.S. document from 1950 that outlined plans to counter Soviet influence.

  • Cold War in Asia (WOR): Different conflicts in Asia (like Korea and Vietnam) influenced by Cold War interests.

  • Douglas MacArthur: A U.S. General known for his role in WWII and the Korean War.

  • U.S.-Japanese security treaties: Agreements in 1951 and 1960 when the U.S. agreed to protect Japan after WWII.

  • Chiang Kai-shek: A Chinese leader who opposed communism and retreated to Taiwan in 1949.

  • Mao Zedong: The leader who established communist China in 1949 after winning a civil war.

  • Taiwan: An island where the Nationalist government fled after losing the civil war in China.

  • People’s Republic of China: The official name for communist China established in 1949.

  • 38th parallel: The line dividing North and South Korea before and during the Korean War.

  • Kim Il Sung: The North Korean leader known for creating a strict communist regime.

  • Syngman Rhee: The first President of South Korea, known for being anti-communist.

  • Korean War: A war from 1950 to 1953 between North Korea (with support from China and the Soviet Union) and South Korea (with U.S. support).

  • Eisenhower Foreign Policy (WOR): Strategies used by President Eisenhower including containing communism and nuclear threats.

  • John Foster Dulles: A U.S. Secretary of State who pushed for aggressive actions against communism.

  • Brinkmanship: A risky approach in foreign policy where one pushes conflicts to the edge of disaster.

  • Massive retaliation: The strategy of using nuclear weapons if attacked.

  • Korean armistice: The agreement that ended fighting in the Korean War in 1953 and established a buffer zone.

  • Atoms for peace: A proposal by Eisenhower to use nuclear energy for peaceful purposes.

  • Open-skies policy: A proposal for more transparency in military activities between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.

  • Spirit of Geneva: The hope for improved relations after a peace summit in 1955 between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.

  • Nikita Khrushchev: The Soviet leader who promoted peaceful coexistence and tried to reform Soviet policies.

  • Peaceful coexistence: The idea that the U.S. and the Soviet Union can live together despite differences.

  • Hungarian revolt: A 1956 uprising against Soviet control in Hungary that was suppressed.

  • Sputnik: The first satellite launched by the Soviet Union in 1957, marking the start of the space race.

  • NASA: The U.S. agency responsible for space exploration and research.

  • U-2 incident: A 1960 event where an American spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union, worsening relations.

  • Cuba: A Caribbean nation that became a major Cold War hotspot, especially during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

  • Fidel Castro: The leader of Cuba who established a communist government and allied with the Soviet Union.

  • Military-industrial complex: The relationship between the military and defense companies that grew during the Cold War.

  • Kennedy-Johnson Foreign Policy (WOR): Policies under Presidents Kennedy and Johnson, including interventions in Cuba and Vietnam.

  • Bay of Pigs: A failed U.S. invasion of Cuba in 1961 aimed at overthrowing Castro.

  • Berlin Wall: A barrier built in 1961 to separate East and West Berlin, symbolizing the Cold War.

  • Cuban missile crisis: A 1962 confrontation over Soviet missiles in Cuba, almost leading to nuclear war.

  • Nuclear Test Ban Treaty: A 1963 agreement to stop nuclear testing in the atmosphere, underwater, and in space.

  • Flexible-response policy: A U.S. defense strategy that allowed for various military responses instead of just nuclear actions.

  • Non-Proliferation Treaty: An agreement aimed at preventing the spread of nuclear weapons and promoting peaceful uses of nuclear energy.

  • Nixon-Ford-Carter Foreign Policy (WOR): Policies from Presidents Nixon, Ford, and Carter focused on peace, human rights, and limiting arms.

  • Henry Kissinger: A key advisor and Secretary of State during the Nixon administration known for détente.

  • Détente: The idea of relaxing tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union in the 1960s and 70s.

  • Antiballistic missiles (ABMs): Weapons designed to intercept incoming missiles, a key topic during arms control talks.

  • Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT): Negotiations between the U.S. and Soviet Union to limit nuclear weapons.

- **Loyalty Review Board**: A board established in 1947 to evaluate the loyalty of federal employees during the early Cold War. - **Dennis et al. v. United States**: A Supreme Court case that upheld the Smith Act, which made it a criminal offense to advocate for the violent overthrow of the government. - **Smith Act (1940)**: A U.S. law that made it a criminal offense to advocate the violent overthrow of the government. - **McCarran Internal Security Act (1950)**: A law that required Communist organizations to register with the government and established the Loyalty Review Board. - **House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)**: A committee of the U.S. House of Representatives formed to investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive activities, particularly during the Red Scare. - **Whittaker Chambers**: A former communist and witness in the case against Alger Hiss, accusing him of espionage. - **Alger Hiss**: A U.S. government official accused of being a communist spy; his case became a symbol of anti-communism. - **Julius and Ethel Rosenberg**: American citizens executed in 1953 for conspiracy to commit espionage by allegedly passing nuclear secrets to the Soviets. - **Joseph McCarthy**: A U.S. Senator known for his anti-communist pursuits and accusations during the 1950s. - **McCarthyism**: A period of intense anti-communist suspicion in the U.S. during the early Cold War, characterized by aggressive investigations and accusations against alleged communists. - **Harry S. Truman**: The 33rd President of the United States, known for his role in establishing the Truman Doctrine and the Fair Deal. - **Employment Act of 1946**: Legislation aimed at promoting maximum employment, production, and purchasing power. - **Council of Economic Advisers**: A group of economists that advises the President on economic policy. - **Servicemen’s Readjustment Act (GI Bill of Rights)**: A law that provided various benefits to returning World War II veterans, including education and housing assistance. - **Baby boom**: A significant increase in the birth rate after World War II, peaking in the late 1940s to early 1960s. - **Levittown**: Large suburban housing developments in the U.S. that became emblematic of post-war suburbia and the baby boom. - **Sun Belt**: A region in the U.S. that experienced substantial growth in population and industry, especially in the southern and southwestern states. - **22nd Amendment**: A constitutional amendment that limited U.S. presidents to two terms in office. - **Taft-Hartley Act**: A law that restricted the activities and power of labor unions. - **Fair Deal**: A series of proposals by Harry S. Truman to continue and expand the New Deal programs, focusing on healthcare, education, and labor rights. - **Dwight D. Eisenhower**: The 34th President of the United States, known for his leadership during the post-war period and the Cold War. - **Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW)**: A former department of the U.S. government that oversaw health and education policies. - **Soil-bank program**: A policy designed to address agricultural surpluses by paying farmers to idle their land. - **Modern Republicanism**: A political philosophy adopted by Eisenhower that sought to balance conservative fiscal policies with social welfare initiatives. - **Highway Act**: Legislation that facilitated the construction of the interstate highway system, transforming U.S. transportation and economy. - **Interstate highways**: A network of highways that connected cities across the United States, established to improve transportation and facilitate commerce. - **New Frontier**: A set of domestic and foreign policy proposals put forth by John F. Kennedy. - **Trade Expansion Act**: A law that aimed to reduce tariffs and expand international trade. - **New Federalism**: A political philosophy that seeks to transfer certain powers from the federal government back to the states. - **Revenue sharing**: A policy where federal funds are distributed to state and local governments with fewer restrictions on spending. - **Stagflation**: An economic condition characterized by stagnant economic growth combined with inflation. - **Television**: A revolutionary technology that became a primary source of information and entertainment for Americans in the 20th century. - **Credit cards**: Financial tools that allow consumers to borrow money up to a certain limit for purchases and pay it back later, gaining popularity in the mid-20th century. - **Fast food**: A type of mass-produced food designed for quick service and consumption, gaining national prominence in the post-war era. - **Paperback books**: A format for books that became widely popular due to affordability and accessibility, especially in the mid-20th century. - **Rock and roll**: A genre of popular music that emerged in the 1950s, reflecting the cultural shifts of the era. - **Conglomerates**: Large corporations that own a diverse range of businesses and industries, characteristic of mid-20th century American economy. - **The Lonely Crowd**: A book by David Riesman that discusses social behavior in contemporary society. - **The Affluent Society**: A book by John Kenneth Galbraith that critiques the affluence of the American middle class and capitalism. - **The Catcher in the Rye**: A novel by J.D. Salinger that explores themes of teenage angst and alienation. - **Catch-22**: A novel by Joseph Heller that presents the challenges and absurdities of war. - **Beatniks**: A group of American youth in the 1950s associated with the Beat Generation, known for rejecting conventional society and expressing a counter-cultural lifestyle. - **Warren Commission**: A commission established to investigate the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. - **Jackie Robinson**: The first African American to play in Major League Baseball's modern era, breaking the color barrier. - **Harry S. Truman Committee on Civil Rights**: A committee established by President Truman to promote civil rights initiatives. - **National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)**: An organization founded in 1909 to fight for civil rights for African Americans. - **Thurgood Marshall**: The first African American Supreme Court Justice, known for his advocacy for civil rights. - **Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka**: A landmark Supreme Court case that declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional. - **Earl Warren**: Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, known for his role in landmark decisions regarding civil rights. - **Southern Manifesto**: A document written in 1956 opposing racial integration in public places. - **Desegregation**: The process of ending the separation of two groups, typically referring to races in public schools and facilities. - **Little Rock**: The site of a major desegregation battle in 1957 when nine African American students enrolled at a previously all-white high school. - **Rosa Parks**: An activist in the civil rights movement best known for refusing to give up her bus seat to a white person, leading to the Montgomery Bus Boycott. - **Martin Luther King Jr.**: A prominent leader in the American civil rights movement, known for advocating nonviolent resistance to racial segregation. - **Nonviolent movement**: A method of protest aimed at achieving social change without the use of violence, emphasized by leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. - **Montgomery bus boycott**: A year-long protest against racial segregation on public buses in Montgomery, Alabama, resulting from Rosa Parks' arrest. - **Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)**: An organization formed to coordinate civil rights activities and mobilize African American churches. - **Sit-in movement**: A form of direct action protest where participants sit in segregated spaces demanding equal treatment. - **Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)**: A civil rights organization formed to give younger African Americans a voice in the movement. - **Civil Rights Commission**: A federal agency created to investigate civil rights violations and propose solutions. - **Decolonization**: The process by which colonies gained independence from colonial powers, particularly after World War II. - **Third World**: A term used during the Cold War to refer to countries that were not aligned with either the U.S. or the Soviet Union, often newly independent nations. - **Covert action**: Secret operations carried out by governments to influence political outcomes in other countries. - **CIA**: The Central Intelligence Agency, responsible for gathering intelligence and conducting covert operations on behalf of the U.S. government. - **Iran**: A country where the U.S. was involved in covert actions to influence political outcomes, particularly in the 1953 coup. - **Suez crisis**: A diplomatic and military confrontation in 1956 when Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal, leading to conflict with Britain, France, and Israel. - **Eisenhower Doctrine**: A U.S. policy to provide military and economic assistance to Middle Eastern countries resisting communist aggression. - **Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)**: An intergovernmental organization of oil-producing countries that coordinated petroleum policies and prices. - **Yom Kippur (October) War**: A conflict in 1973 between Israel and a coalition of Arab states, marking a significant moment in Middle Eastern politics. - **Oil embargo**: A restriction imposed by OPEC on oil supplies, notably during the 1973 Yom Kippur War, leading to fuel shortages in the U.S. - **Camp David Accords**: A peace treaty brokered by the U.S. between Israel and Egypt, signed in 1978. - **Peace Corps**: A U.S. government program established in 1961 to provide volunteer assistance to developing nations. - **Alliance for Progress**: A U.S. initiative aimed at fostering economic development and social reform in Latin America during the 1960s. - **Ngo Dinh Diem**: The first President of South Vietnam, known for his opposition to communism and controversial governance. - **Domino theory**: A geopolitical theory suggesting that if one country in a region fell to communism, others would follow. - **John Foster Dulles**: U.S. Secretary of State during the Eisenhower administration, known for his anti-communist policies. - **Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)**: A regional defense organization created to prevent communism in Southeast Asia. - **Tonkin Gulf Resolution**: A resolution passed by Congress in 1964 that gave President Lyndon B. Johnson the authority to escalate U.S. military involvement in Vietnam. - **General William Westmoreland**: U.S. Army General who commanded American military operations in the Vietnam War. - **Credibility gap**: The public's skepticism about the government's truthfulness, particularly regarding the Vietnam War. - **Hawks**: Individuals or groups who advocate for an aggressive military approach, especially regarding foreign policy. - **Doves**: Individuals or groups who advocate for peace and are generally opposed to military intervention. - **Tet Offensive**: A major offensive launched by North Vietnamese forces against South Vietnam and U.S. forces during the Vietnamese New Year in 1968, shifting public opinion on the war. - **Robert F. Kennedy**: U.S. Senator and presidential candidate assassinated in 1968, known for his civil rights advocacy and anti-war stance. - **George Wallace**: Governor of Alabama and staunch segregationist who ran for president, advocating for states' rights and segregation in the 1960s. - **Richard Nixon**: The 37th President of the United States, known for his foreign policy initiatives and the Watergate scandal that led to his resignation. - **Democratic Convention in Chicago**: A chaotic and controversial national convention in 1968 marked by anti-war protests and political division. - **Hubert Humphrey**: The Democratic presidential candidate in 1968, known for his support of civil rights and the Great Society. - **White backlash**: A reaction among white Americans against the civil rights movement and policies aimed at promoting racial equality. - **Henry Kissinger**: U.S. Secretary of State and key figure in foreign policy during the Nixon administration, known for his role in détente. - **Vietnamization**: A U.S. policy aimed at transferring responsibility for the Vietnam War from American troops to the South Vietnamese forces. - **Nixon Doctrine**: A foreign policy strategy that emphasized supporting allies with military aid but reducing direct U.S. military involvement. - **Kent State**: The site of a 1970 protest against the Vietnam War, where four students were shot and killed by National Guard troops. - **My Lai**: A mass killing of Vietnam War civilians by U.S. troops in 1968, leading to public outrage and increased anti-war sentiment. - **Pentagon Papers**: A classified document leaked in 1971 revealing the U.S. government's secret history of the Vietnam War, further eroding public trust. - **Paris Accords**: A peace agreement signed in 1973 that aimed to establish peace in Vietnam and end U.S. involvement in the war. - **War Powers Act**: A 1973 law intended to limit the U.S. President's power to engage in military actions without congressional approval.