History Test: 1
Location of Mesopotamia:Rivers: land between Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Used irrigation and canals, rivers would flood unpredictably; the “fertile crescent”
City-States (definition; names): A city that is its own country.(bablylon,uruk)
Sumerians: First cities: Ur, Uruk, Eridu
Inventions of sumerians: writing - cuneiform, wheel, arch, dome, math, astronomy
Writing: Cuneiform (an invention of theirs) which led to scribes who were nobles sons
Religion of sumerians:Polytheistic - Gods and goddesses were unpredictable and unfriendly
Ziggurat: (a temple/pyramid for worship) made of mud brick and baked brick. Polytheistic - Gods and goddesses were unpredictable and unfriendly
Theocracy or sumerians: government is ruled by divine authority (gods/goddesses) in a polytheistic society. At first priests and priestesses had power, but then social structure formed and men/kings were dominant
Akkadians: an empire that formed from Sumerians
Semitic: the people that speak the ancient language of Phoenician and Akkadian (Jews)
Sargon: ruler of Akkadians
Empire: Akkadians were conquered by Babylonians
Babylonians:
Hammurabi: Ruler of the Babylonian Empire, made Code of Hammurabi
Legal Code of babylonians: 282 Laws for aspects of life; favored nobles and men; punishments based on social status
Egypt:
Geography: The Nile river is the longest in the world, 4,000 miles flow north, split right before the Mediterranean Sea, a triangle-delta. North Egypt = Lower Egypt, South Egypt = Upper Egypt
Hatshepsut: one of the only queens in egypt
Tutankhamen: (King Tut) pharaoh of Egypt who restored all gods once Akhenaton died
Akhenaton: Closed temples of other gods and introduced Aton - the sole god
Ramses II: Pharoah who was in charge when sea peoples drove out Egyptians and ended the New Kingdom
Cleopatra VII: one of the only queens
Afterlife Beliefs: Mummification (process to preserve dead body) and the significance of the afterlife in Egyptian culture.
Religion of Egypt: polytheistic, sun and land gods/goddesses - Atum/Re (sun god). Osiris and Isis is an Egyptian myth where Osiris battled Seth and Seth cut Osiris into 14 pieces, Isis resurrected Osiris (the idea of the afterlife)
Writing & Education: Hieroglyphics: sacred script stone. They had a Hieratic script. Scribes and men were taught writing while women stayed home.
Art: significant architectural monuments - pyramids, temples, etc
Old Kingdom: monarchs and pharaohs ruled, creation of pyramids as a dedication to the dead, ka - a spiritual body, a bureaucracy - the system of government where decisions are made with officials, vizier (high official); collapsed with a long period of chaos and division
Middle Kingdom: Egypt reunited under Pharaoh Menuhotep II, there was expansion and trade, there were public works and welfare with stability and strength
New Kingdom: Egypt reclaims under Pharaoh Ahmose I, an empire with lots of famous pharaohs, collapsed with an invasion of “Sea Peoples”
Hittites: Nomadic people combined with native people to form the Hittite Kingdom (empire). First Indo-Europeans to use iron; they were conquered by the Sea Peoples, allowing smaller kingdoms to gain power
Pastoral nomads: domesticated animals, spread technology
Advancements: Development of iron metallurgy and military strategies
Interactions: Their role in the region and conflicts with neighboring civilizations
Phoenicians: came from a lack of dominance in the Hittite empire, produced lots of goods, and was good at trade
Writing: Alphabet Development: The Phoenician alphabet influenced later writing systems.
Phoenician trade: it was the basis of their civilization; with the cities of Byblos, Sidon, and Tyre; they were the great international sea traders tech related to ship building.
Israelites:
Monotheism: belief in one god (Abraham), focused on covenant promises, and consequences were given to people who didn’t obey him; the Ten Commandments
Abraham: G-d of the Israelite religion
Abrahamic religions: Judaism, Christianity, Islam
United Kingdom (King Solomon); capital: successful ruler of Israel, but his death led to divisions
Divided Kingdom (Judah): Northern Israel, and Southern Judah, both were eventually conquered and the sound of Judah became Judaism and the Jewish religion
Assyrians:
Technology in Assyria(weapons): iron weapons, chariots, siege weapons
Religion of assyrians(Ashur): Worshiped god of war and violence; Ancient Assyrians’ religion
Postal System in Assyria: kings had absolute power; and formed a postal system of communication to make the first libraries
Conquering Tactics in Assyria: Through fear and terror, conquered groups and tried to divide them, tortured people, known for being a ruthless group of warriors
Reason for downfall in Assyria: under the assault of Babylonia and Mede's powers, it collapsed
Persians:
Location : near Persian golf
Cyrus the Great: the most well-known leader, and founder of the Persian empire
Conquering Tactics in Iran: allowed conquered people to practice culture (let Jews return to Jerusalem), treated people with more respect
Darius: expanded empire to Greece, divided empire into 20 provinces called satrapies
Satrapies: ruled by governors
Satrap: governor of ancient persian province
Royal Road in Iran: a well made road with good organization and transportation
Immortals: 10,000
Reason for downfall in Iran: Loyalty to the empire declined, and there was violence and a struggle over the throne, so it was eventually conquered by Alexander the Great
Religion in Iran :( Zoroastrianism) Zoroaster was a prophet of the true religion; monotheistic; Ahura Mazda (good) vs. Ahriman (evil), holy scriptures Zend Avesta
Location of Mesopotamia:Rivers: land between Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Used irrigation and canals, rivers would flood unpredictably; the “fertile crescent”
City-States (definition; names): A city that is its own country.(bablylon,uruk)
Sumerians: First cities: Ur, Uruk, Eridu
Inventions of sumerians: writing - cuneiform, wheel, arch, dome, math, astronomy
Writing: Cuneiform (an invention of theirs) which led to scribes who were nobles sons
Religion of sumerians:Polytheistic - Gods and goddesses were unpredictable and unfriendly
Ziggurat: (a temple/pyramid for worship) made of mud brick and baked brick. Polytheistic - Gods and goddesses were unpredictable and unfriendly
Theocracy or sumerians: government is ruled by divine authority (gods/goddesses) in a polytheistic society. At first priests and priestesses had power, but then social structure formed and men/kings were dominant
Akkadians: an empire that formed from Sumerians
Semitic: the people that speak the ancient language of Phoenician and Akkadian (Jews)
Sargon: ruler of Akkadians
Empire: Akkadians were conquered by Babylonians
Babylonians:
Hammurabi: Ruler of the Babylonian Empire, made Code of Hammurabi
Legal Code of babylonians: 282 Laws for aspects of life; favored nobles and men; punishments based on social status
Egypt:
Geography: The Nile river is the longest in the world, 4,000 miles flow north, split right before the Mediterranean Sea, a triangle-delta. North Egypt = Lower Egypt, South Egypt = Upper Egypt
Hatshepsut: one of the only queens in egypt
Tutankhamen: (King Tut) pharaoh of Egypt who restored all gods once Akhenaton died
Akhenaton: Closed temples of other gods and introduced Aton - the sole god
Ramses II: Pharoah who was in charge when sea peoples drove out Egyptians and ended the New Kingdom
Cleopatra VII: one of the only queens
Afterlife Beliefs: Mummification (process to preserve dead body) and the significance of the afterlife in Egyptian culture.
Religion of Egypt: polytheistic, sun and land gods/goddesses - Atum/Re (sun god). Osiris and Isis is an Egyptian myth where Osiris battled Seth and Seth cut Osiris into 14 pieces, Isis resurrected Osiris (the idea of the afterlife)
Writing & Education: Hieroglyphics: sacred script stone. They had a Hieratic script. Scribes and men were taught writing while women stayed home.
Art: significant architectural monuments - pyramids, temples, etc
Old Kingdom: monarchs and pharaohs ruled, creation of pyramids as a dedication to the dead, ka - a spiritual body, a bureaucracy - the system of government where decisions are made with officials, vizier (high official); collapsed with a long period of chaos and division
Middle Kingdom: Egypt reunited under Pharaoh Menuhotep II, there was expansion and trade, there were public works and welfare with stability and strength
New Kingdom: Egypt reclaims under Pharaoh Ahmose I, an empire with lots of famous pharaohs, collapsed with an invasion of “Sea Peoples”
Hittites: Nomadic people combined with native people to form the Hittite Kingdom (empire). First Indo-Europeans to use iron; they were conquered by the Sea Peoples, allowing smaller kingdoms to gain power
Pastoral nomads: domesticated animals, spread technology
Advancements: Development of iron metallurgy and military strategies
Interactions: Their role in the region and conflicts with neighboring civilizations
Phoenicians: came from a lack of dominance in the Hittite empire, produced lots of goods, and was good at trade
Writing: Alphabet Development: The Phoenician alphabet influenced later writing systems.
Phoenician trade: it was the basis of their civilization; with the cities of Byblos, Sidon, and Tyre; they were the great international sea traders tech related to ship building.
Israelites:
Monotheism: belief in one god (Abraham), focused on covenant promises, and consequences were given to people who didn’t obey him; the Ten Commandments
Abraham: G-d of the Israelite religion
Abrahamic religions: Judaism, Christianity, Islam
United Kingdom (King Solomon); capital: successful ruler of Israel, but his death led to divisions
Divided Kingdom (Judah): Northern Israel, and Southern Judah, both were eventually conquered and the sound of Judah became Judaism and the Jewish religion
Assyrians:
Technology in Assyria(weapons): iron weapons, chariots, siege weapons
Religion of assyrians(Ashur): Worshiped god of war and violence; Ancient Assyrians’ religion
Postal System in Assyria: kings had absolute power; and formed a postal system of communication to make the first libraries
Conquering Tactics in Assyria: Through fear and terror, conquered groups and tried to divide them, tortured people, known for being a ruthless group of warriors
Reason for downfall in Assyria: under the assault of Babylonia and Mede's powers, it collapsed
Persians:
Location : near Persian golf
Cyrus the Great: the most well-known leader, and founder of the Persian empire
Conquering Tactics in Iran: allowed conquered people to practice culture (let Jews return to Jerusalem), treated people with more respect
Darius: expanded empire to Greece, divided empire into 20 provinces called satrapies
Satrapies: ruled by governors
Satrap: governor of ancient persian province
Royal Road in Iran: a well made road with good organization and transportation
Immortals: 10,000
Reason for downfall in Iran: Loyalty to the empire declined, and there was violence and a struggle over the throne, so it was eventually conquered by Alexander the Great
Religion in Iran :( Zoroastrianism) Zoroaster was a prophet of the true religion; monotheistic; Ahura Mazda (good) vs. Ahriman (evil), holy scriptures Zend Avesta