SA

GEO EXAM PREP

Exam Review Sheet

1. Key Terms & Concepts

  • Conservation: The sustainable management of natural resources to prevent depletion.
  • Non-renewable resources: Resources that cannot be replenished within a human lifespan (e.g., fossil fuels, minerals).
  • Resource flow: The movement and usage of resources through the economy.
  • Natural resources: Resources derived from the Earth that are used to support life and meet people's needs (e.g., water, wood, minerals).
  • Other resources: Additional resources that may not fit neatly into the natural or human-made categories (e.g., ecosystem services).
  • Renewable resources: Resources that can be replenished naturally over short periods (e.g., solar energy, wind, biomass).
  • Waste diversion: Strategies to reduce waste sent to landfills (e.g., recycling, composting).
  • Leachate: Contaminated liquid that percolates through a landfill.
  • Methane: A potent greenhouse gas produced by anaerobic decomposition of organic material in landfills and other sources.
  • Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR): A policy approach where producers are given a significant responsibility for the treatment or disposal of post-consumer products.
  • Primary resources & industries: Raw materials and the extraction processes (e.g., logging, mining, agriculture).
  • Secondary resources & industries: Processing and manufacturing of primary resources (e.g., steel production, food processing).
  • Tertiary resources & industries: Services provided to consumers and businesses (e.g., retail, healthcare, education).

2. Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Industries

  • Primary Industries:
    • Definition: Industries involved in the extraction and collection of natural resources.
    • Examples: Mining (coal, metals), forestry (lumber), fisheries (fish and seafood), agriculture (crops, livestock).
  • Secondary Industries:
    • Definition: Industries involved in the manufacturing and processing of raw materials into finished products.
    • Examples: Automobile manufacturing, textile production, food processing.
  • Tertiary Industries:
    • Definition: Industries that provide services rather than goods.
    • Examples: Healthcare, education, retail, financial services.

3. Primary Resource Extraction

  • Sources: Natural deposits, forests, oceans, and agricultural land.
  • Regions: Areas with rich natural deposits and favorable conditions for extraction activities.
  • Processes:
    • Mining: Extraction of minerals from the earth.
    • Forestry: Harvesting of timber from forests.
    • Fisheries: Catching fish and other seafood.
    • Farming: Cultivation of crops and raising livestock.

4. Secondary Industries

  • Location Factors:
    • Proximity to raw materials: Reduces transportation costs.
    • Access to labor: Availability of skilled and unskilled workers.
    • Transportation infrastructure: Efficient transport systems for moving goods.
    • Energy availability: Access to reliable and affordable energy sources.
    • Market proximity: Closeness to consumers to reduce delivery time and cost.
    • Government policies: Incentives, subsidies, and regulations that affect business operations.
    • Environmental considerations: Impact of industry on the environment and compliance with environmental regulations.
  • Example: Steel production in Hamilton, Ontario
    • Why Hamilton?: Close proximity to iron ore and coal, access to Great Lakes for transportation, established infrastructure, skilled labor force.

5. Tertiary Industries

  • Growth Factors:
    • Urbanization: Increased demand for services in cities.
    • Technological advancements: New technologies creating new service industries.
    • Economic development: Higher income levels leading to greater demand for services.
  • Shift from Primary/Secondary: 100 years ago, most jobs were in agriculture and manufacturing. Today, automation and improved efficiency have reduced the need for labor in these sectors, shifting employment to service-based industries.

6. 7 Main Location Factors for Industries

  • Availability of Raw Materials
  • Labor Supply
  • Transportation
  • Energy Supply
  • Market Proximity
  • Government Policies
  • Environmental Impact

7. Manufactured Goods

  • Origin: Mostly from regions with established industrial bases, such as East Asia (e.g., China, Japan, South Korea).
  • Reasons: Cost-effective labor, advanced infrastructure, robust supply chains, supportive government policies.

8. Supply Chains and Issues

  • Supply Chain: The entire process from raw material extraction to final product delivery.
  • Issues:
    • Aluminum: Energy-intensive production, environmental impact of mining.
    • Cow's Milk: Ethical concerns, environmental impact of dairy farming.
    • Chocolate: Child labor, fair trade concerns.
    • Coffee: Price volatility, ethical sourcing.
    • Steel: Pollution, energy consumption.
  • Ensuring Justice and Sustainability:
    • Fair trade practices.
    • Ethical sourcing certifications.
    • Reducing carbon footprints.
    • Supporting sustainable farming and manufacturing practices.

9. Shipping Methods

  • Pros and Cons:
    • Road: Flexible, accessible, but traffic congestion and high emissions.
    • Rail: Efficient for bulk goods, but limited by rail networks.
    • Sea: Cost-effective for large volumes, but slow and subject to port delays.
    • Air: Fast, but expensive and high emissions.

10. Recycling in Canada

  • Issues: Contamination of recyclable materials, limited markets for recycled products, inconsistent recycling programs across regions.
  • Causes: Changes in global recycling markets, inadequate sorting by consumers.
  • Concerns: Environmental impact, increased landfill use.
  • Solutions: Improved sorting technologies, public education, government incentives for recycling industries.
  • Creative Solutions: Incentive programs for consumers, advancements in recycling technology, policies for reducing packaging waste.

11. Resource Management and Sustainability

  • Definition: Sustainable use and management of resources to meet current needs without compromising future generations.
  • Applications:
    • Aquaculture: Sustainable fish farming practices.
    • Non-renewable resources: Efficient use and transition to renewable energy sources.

12. "Resources are not, they become."

  • Meaning: Resources gain value through human use and technology.
  • Examples:
    • Former Resource: Whale oil (replaced by petroleum).
    • New Resource: Lithium (for batteries in renewable energy storage).

13. Canada’s Main Resources for Export

  • Resources: Oil, natural gas, timber, minerals, agricultural products.
  • Importance: Major contributors to the Canadian economy.

14. Government Incentives for Sustainability

  • Carrot Approach: Subsidies, tax incentives for sustainable practices.
  • Stick Approach: Regulations, penalties for unsustainable practices.

15. Carbon Tax

  • Definition: A tax on carbon emissions to incentivize reduction.
  • Type: Stick approach.
  • Effectiveness: Debated, depends on implementation and public response.
  • Alternatives: Renewable energy investments, stricter emission regulations.

16. Categories of Natural Resources

  • Renewable Resources: Solar energy, wind energy.
  • Non-renewable Resources: Coal, oil.
  • Flow Resources: Water, wind.
  • Biological Resources: Forests, fisheries.

17. Increasing Resource Sustainability

  • Suggestions:
    • Reduce, reuse, recycle.
    • Promote sustainable transportation (e.g., biking, public transit).
    • Implement energy-saving measures in schools.
    • Support local food producers.
    • Educate about sustainable practices.

18. Importance of Resource Use

  • Reasons:
    • Environmental Protection: Prevents habitat destruction and pollution.
    • Economic Stability: Ensures long-term availability of resources.
    • Social Responsibility: Equitable resource distribution for future generations.

Additional Geography Terms and Concepts

Plate Tectonics

  • Definition: The theory explaining the movement of the Earth's plates and the associated phenomena like earthquakes and volcanoes.
  • Fault Lines: Breaks in the Earth's crust where significant movement has occurred.

Climate and Landform Concepts

  • Maritime Climate: Climate influenced by proximity to oceans, typically with mild temperatures and high humidity.
  • Continental Climate: Climate characterized by more extreme temperatures due to distance from the ocean.
  • Weathering, Erosion, Deposition: Processes that break down, transport, and deposit rock and soil.
  • Glaciation: The process of ice advancing and covering large areas, shaping landforms.

Rock Cycle

  • Igneous Rock: Formed from solidified magma or lava.
  • Sedimentary Rock: Formed from compressed sediment, often containing fossils.
  • Metamorphic Rock: Formed from existing rock transformed by heat and pressure.

Mapping and Geography Skills

  • Compass Bearing and Compass Rose: Tools for navigation and direction.
  • Latitude and Longitude: Coordinate system to locate points on Earth.
  • Time Zones: Divisions of the world into zones where the same standard time is used.

Population and Migration

  • Population Density: The number of people living per unit area.
  • Migration Calculations: Net migration, population growth rate, natural increase, dependency load.
  • Demographic Transition Model: Stages of population growth