GEO EXAM PREP

Exam Review Sheet

1. Key Terms & Concepts

• Conservation: The sustainable management of natural resources to prevent depletion.
• Non-renewable resources: Resources that cannot be replenished within a human lifespan (e.g., fossil fuels, minerals).
• Resource flow: The movement and usage of resources through the economy.
• Natural resources: Resources derived from the Earth that are used to support life and meet people's needs (e.g., water, wood, minerals).
• Other resources: Additional resources that may not fit neatly into the natural or human-made categories (e.g., ecosystem services).
• Renewable resources: Resources that can be replenished naturally over short periods (e.g., solar energy, wind, biomass).
• Waste diversion: Strategies to reduce waste sent to landfills (e.g., recycling, composting).
• Leachate: Contaminated liquid that percolates through a landfill.
• Methane: A potent greenhouse gas produced by anaerobic decomposition of organic material in landfills and other sources.
• Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR): A policy approach where producers are given a significant responsibility for the treatment or disposal of post-consumer products.
• Primary resources & industries: Raw materials and the extraction processes (e.g., logging, mining, agriculture).
• Secondary resources & industries: Processing and manufacturing of primary resources (e.g., steel production, food processing).
• Tertiary resources & industries: Services provided to consumers and businesses (e.g., retail, healthcare, education).

2. Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Industries

• Primary Industries:
  • Definition: Industries involved in the extraction and collection of natural resources.
  • Examples: Mining (coal, metals), forestry (lumber), fisheries (fish and seafood), agriculture (crops, livestock).
• Secondary Industries:
  • Definition: Industries involved in the manufacturing and processing of raw materials into finished products.
  • Examples: Automobile manufacturing, textile production, food processing.
• Tertiary Industries:
  • Definition: Industries that provide services rather than goods.
  • Examples: Healthcare, education, retail, financial services.

3. Primary Resource Extraction

• Sources: Natural deposits, forests, oceans, and agricultural land.
• Regions: Areas with rich natural deposits and favorable conditions for extraction activities.
• Processes:
  • Mining: Extraction of minerals from the earth.
  • Forestry: Harvesting of timber from forests.
  • Fisheries: Catching fish and other seafood.
  • Farming: Cultivation of crops and raising livestock.

4. Secondary Industries

• Location Factors:
  • Proximity to raw materials: Reduces transportation costs.
  • Access to labor: Availability of skilled and unskilled workers.
  • Transportation infrastructure: Efficient transport systems for moving goods.
  • Energy availability: Access to reliable and affordable energy sources.
  • Market proximity: Closeness to consumers to reduce delivery time and cost.
  • Government policies: Incentives, subsidies, and regulations that affect business operations.
  • Environmental considerations: Impact of industry on the environment and compliance with environmental regulations.
• Example: Steel production in Hamilton, Ontario
  • Why Hamilton?: Close proximity to iron ore and coal, access to Great Lakes for transportation, established infrastructure, skilled labor force.

5. Tertiary Industries

• Growth Factors:
  • Urbanization: Increased demand for services in cities.
  • Technological advancements: New technologies creating new service industries.
  • Economic development: Higher income levels leading to greater demand for services.
• Shift from Primary/Secondary: 100 years ago, most jobs were in agriculture and manufacturing. Today, automation and improved efficiency have reduced the need for labor in these sectors, shifting employment to service-based industries.

6. 7 Main Location Factors for Industries

• Availability of Raw Materials
• Labor Supply
• Transportation
• Energy Supply
• Market Proximity
• Government Policies
• Environmental Impact

7. Manufactured Goods

• Origin: Mostly from regions with established industrial bases, such as East Asia (e.g., China, Japan, South Korea).
• Reasons: Cost-effective labor, advanced infrastructure, robust supply chains, supportive government policies.

8. Supply Chains and Issues

• Supply Chain: The entire process from raw material extraction to final product delivery.
• Issues:
  • Aluminum: Energy-intensive production, environmental impact of mining.
  • Cow's Milk: Ethical concerns, environmental impact of dairy farming.
  • Chocolate: Child labor, fair trade concerns.
  • Coffee: Price volatility, ethical sourcing.
  • Steel: Pollution, energy consumption.
• Ensuring Justice and Sustainability:
  • Fair trade practices.
  • Ethical sourcing certifications.
  • Reducing carbon footprints.
  • Supporting sustainable farming and manufacturing practices.

9. Shipping Methods

• Pros and Cons:
  • Road: Flexible, accessible, but traffic congestion and high emissions.
  • Rail: Efficient for bulk goods, but limited by rail networks.
  • Sea: Cost-effective for large volumes, but slow and subject to port delays.
  • Air: Fast, but expensive and high emissions.

10. Recycling in Canada

• Issues: Contamination of recyclable materials, limited markets for recycled products, inconsistent recycling programs across regions.
• Causes: Changes in global recycling markets, inadequate sorting by consumers.
• Concerns: Environmental impact, increased landfill use.
• Solutions: Improved sorting technologies, public education, government incentives for recycling industries.
• Creative Solutions: Incentive programs for consumers, advancements in recycling technology, policies for reducing packaging waste.

11. Resource Management and Sustainability

• Definition: Sustainable use and management of resources to meet current needs without compromising future generations.
• Applications:
  • Aquaculture: Sustainable fish farming practices.
  • Non-renewable resources: Efficient use and transition to renewable energy sources.

12. "Resources are not, they become."

• Meaning: Resources gain value through human use and technology.
• Examples:
  • Former Resource: Whale oil (replaced by petroleum).
  • New Resource: Lithium (for batteries in renewable energy storage).

13. Canada’s Main Resources for Export

• Resources: Oil, natural gas, timber, minerals, agricultural products.
• Importance: Major contributors to the Canadian economy.

14. Government Incentives for Sustainability

• Carrot Approach: Subsidies, tax incentives for sustainable practices.
• Stick Approach: Regulations, penalties for unsustainable practices.

15. Carbon Tax

• Definition: A tax on carbon emissions to incentivize reduction.
• Type: Stick approach.
• Effectiveness: Debated, depends on implementation and public response.
• Alternatives: Renewable energy investments, stricter emission regulations.

16. Categories of Natural Resources

• Renewable Resources: Solar energy, wind energy.
• Non-renewable Resources: Coal, oil.
• Flow Resources: Water, wind.
• Biological Resources: Forests, fisheries.

17. Increasing Resource Sustainability

• Suggestions:
  • Reduce, reuse, recycle.
  • Promote sustainable transportation (e.g., biking, public transit).
  • Implement energy-saving measures in schools.
  • Support local food producers.
  • Educate about sustainable practices.

18. Importance of Resource Use

• Reasons:
  • Environmental Protection: Prevents habitat destruction and pollution.
  • Economic Stability: Ensures long-term availability of resources.
  • Social Responsibility: Equitable resource distribution for future generations.

Additional Geography Terms and Concepts

Plate Tectonics

• Definition: The theory explaining the movement of the Earth's plates and the associated phenomena like earthquakes and volcanoes.
• Fault Lines: Breaks in the Earth's crust where significant movement has occurred.

Climate and Landform Concepts

• Maritime Climate: Climate influenced by proximity to oceans, typically with mild temperatures and high humidity.
• Continental Climate: Climate characterized by more extreme temperatures due to distance from the ocean.
• Weathering, Erosion, Deposition: Processes that break down, transport, and deposit rock and soil.
• Glaciation: The process of ice advancing and covering large areas, shaping landforms.

Rock Cycle

• Igneous Rock: Formed from solidified magma or lava.
• Sedimentary Rock: Formed from compressed sediment, often containing fossils.
• Metamorphic Rock: Formed from existing rock transformed by heat and pressure.

Mapping and Geography Skills

• Compass Bearing and Compass Rose: Tools for navigation and direction.
• Latitude and Longitude: Coordinate system to locate points on Earth.
• Time Zones: Divisions of the world into zones where the same standard time is used.

Population and Migration

• Population Density: The number of people living per unit area.
• Migration Calculations: Net migration, population growth rate, natural increase, dependency load.
• Demographic Transition Model: Stages of population growth