Untitled Flashcards Set
Biology
Planes Descriptions | |
Sagittal | Divides the body into left and right |
Midsagittal / Median | Divides the body into equal left and right halves |
Parasagittal | Divides the body into unequal left and right parts |
Frontal / Coronal | Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections |
Transverse / Horizontal | Divides the body into superior and inferior sections |
Oblique | Divides the body at an angle |
Directional Terms Descriptions | |
Superior / Cranial | Towards the head or crown |
Inferior / Caudal | Towards the toes |
Anterior / Ventral | Towards the front of the body |
Posterior / Dorsal | Towards the back of the body |
Medial | Towards of the middle of the body |
Lateral | Away from the middle of the body |
Proximal | Closer to the origin or point of attachment |
Distal | Far away from the origin or point of attachment |
Superficial | Towards the body’s surface |
Deep | Away from the body’s surface, more internal |
Examples
The skin is lateral to the muscles
The elbow is superior to the wrist
The ears are posterior to the nose
The spinal column is proximal to the lungs
Body Cavities Description and More | |
Dorsal (Posterior) Cavity and Ventral (Anterior) Cavity | —> Largest compartments |
—> Can be subdivided into smaller cavities | |
—> Separated by the diaphragm |
Dorsal (Posterior) Cavity
Cranial Cavity
—> Contains the brain
Vertebral Cavity
—> Contains the spinal card
Ventral (Anterior) Cavity
Thoracic Cavity
—> Contains the heart, lungs, trachea, and upper esophagus
—> Has a cavity within it called the Pericardial Cavity, which is the space between the pericardial membranes that surround the heart
—> Has another cavity within it called the Pleural Cavities which is the space between the pleural membranes that surround the lungs
Abdominopelvic Cavity
—> Contains upper and lower portion
—> Abdominal Cavity contains the liver, gallbladder, stomach, pancreas, intestines, spleen, kidneys, and ureters
—> Pelvic Cavity contains the bladder, certain reproductive organs, and a part of the large intestine
Plasma Membrane
A flexible, protective barrier around a cell. It controls what enters and leaves, keeping the inside environment stable
It is like a security gate for the cell, deciding what gets in and out to keep everything running smoothly
Structure
It is made of a phospholipid bilayer, which means two layers of fat-like molecules. These molecules have :
—> Hydrophilic Heads (water-loving) that face outward
—> Hydrophobic Tails (water-fearing) that face inward
Proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates are also part of the membrane, helping with structure, communication, and structure
Function
Selective Barrier
—> Only allows certain substances in and out
Communication
—> Proteins help the cell interact with signals and other cells
Transport
—> Some molecules pass freely, while others need protein channels
Support and Shape
—> Provides structure and flexibility
Types of Transport
Passive Transport (No Energy Required)
Molecules move from high to low concentration (down their gradient)
Stuff moves naturally from high to low concentration, like rolling downhill
Simple Diffusion
—> Small things (like oxygen) squeeze through the membrane on their own
—> Small, non-polar molecules (like oxygen and carbon dioxide) pass directly through the membrane
Osmosis
—> Water moves to balance things out (like how a sponge absorbs water)
—> The movement of water across the membrane to balance concentrations
Facilitated Diffusion
—> Bigger or charged stuff (like sugar) needs a helper protein to get through
—> Larger or charged molecules (like glucose or ions) move through protein channels or carrier proteins since they cannot pass through the lipid bilayer
Active Transport (Energy Required)
Molecules move from low to high concentration (against their gradient)
Stuff moves against the flow from low to high concentration, like walking uphill
Protein Pumps
—> Special proteins push molecules in or out (like a revolving door using energy)
—> Membrane proteins use ATP to push molecules against their concentration gradient
Endocytosis
—> The cell swallows big stuff by wrapping around it
—> The cell engulfs large molecules or liquids into vesicles
—> Phagocytosis, the cell eating pokemon
—> Pinocytosis, the cell drinking pokemon
Exocytosis
—> The cell spits out stuff it does not need (like throwing out trash)
—> The cell releases large molecules by fusing vesicles with the membrane (such as releasing hormones or waste)
Solutions and Their Effects on Cells
Isotonic Solution
—> Equal concentration inside and outside; water moves in and out equally (cell stays the same)
Hypotonic Solution
—> Less solute outside the cell; water enters, making the cell swell
Hypertonic Solution
—> More solute outside the cell; water leaves, causing the cell to shrink
Names and Functions of Organelles
Nucleus (Hokage)
—> Just like the Hokage leads and makes important decisions for Konoha, the nucleus controls the cell and contains its “rulebook,” also known as DNA
Nucleolus (Ninja Academy)
—> The nucleolus trains and produces ribosomes, just like the Ninja Academy trains students to become shinobi
Ribosomes (Genin)
—> Ribosomes create proteins, just like Genin perform missions that support the village
—> Some work independently (free ribosomes), while others work with the Rough ER (team missions)
Rough Endoplasmic Recticulum - Rough ER (Jounin Sensei)
—> Rough ER has ribosomes attached, helping them modify and transport proteins, just like Jounin Sensei guide Genin in missions
Smooth Endoplasmic Recticulum - Smooth ER (Medics and Intel Division)
—> Smooth ER does not have ribosomes but makes lipids (fats) and detoxifies substances
—> Like medical ninja making healing ointments and the Intel Division analysing toxins
Golgi Apparatus (Postal Ninja and Supply Department)
—> Golgi packages, modifies, and sends out proteins, just like ninja couriers and the Supply Division handle mission supplies and scrools
Mitochondria (Chakra System)
—> The powerhouse of the cell
—> Provides energy (ATP), just like chakra fuels all ninja techniques
—> More active ninja (cells) need more chakra (mitochondria)
Lysosomes (ANBU)
—> Breaks down waste, destroys invaders, and recycles materials, just like how the ANBU handles threats secretly
Peroxisomes (Poison and Antidote Experts)
—> Breaks down toxic substances, like how poison specialists create antidotes
Vacuole (Storage Scrolls and Water Reservoirs)
—> Animal Cells
Small vacuoles store food and waste, like scrolls storing weapons
—> Plant Cells
Large vacuoles hold water, like the Hidden Mist’s water reserves
Cytoplasm (Konoha, the Environment Where Everything Occurs)
—> A gel-like substance that fills the cell and surrounds all the organelles
—> It is like the land, roads, and open space of Konoha, where shinobi live, train, and move around
—> Just like how Konoha supports its ninja, the cytoplasm provides a medium where all cell activities happen, keeping everything in place while allowing movement
Cell Metabolism
Cellular Respiration
The process of oxidising food molecules (glucose) and reducing ions to produce ATP
—> Takes place in the cytoplasm (Konoha) and mitochondria (chakra system)
—> When done in the presence of oxygen, it is called aerobic respiration
Feature Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration | ||
Oxygen Required? | Yes | No |
Where it Happens | Mitochondria (chakra) | Cytoplasm (Konoha itself) |
Energy Efficiency | High (more ATP) | Low (Less ATP) |
Byproducts | Carbon dioxide and water | Lactic acid (animals) or alcohol and CO2 (yeast) |
Best For | Long activities (jogging, walking) | Short bursts (sprinting, heavy lifting) |
Aerobic Respiration
More efficient and used when oxygen is available
Anaerobic Respiration
A backup method, only used when oxygen is low, leads to fatigue due to byproducts
ATP
The energy currency of the cell
—> Can be described as the body’s battery that stores energy for cells
—> A molecule that stores and transfers energy within the cell
Glucose - Cell Metabolism
Glycolysis
Breaking sugar
—> Breaks the sugar into pyruvate
—> Occurs in the cytoplasm and does not require oxygen
—> An anaerobic process
—> Generates 2 ATP and 2 NADH
Pyruvate Oxidation
Prepping for the Powerhouse
—> Is the pyruvate from glycolysis
—> Where molecules of Acetyl-CoA are formed (since one carbon gets taken off each pyruvate molecule)
—> Forms 2 NADH as a by-product
Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
The Energy Factory
—> Acetyl-CoA is essentially the fuel that the Cycle is burning to extract as much energy as possible to create things
—> A total of 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2 moleCules are formed, along with some waste in the form of CO2
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Big Energy Payoff
—> Electric Transport Train
—> The NADH and FADH2 act like full batteries, sending electrons through a special chain
—> With the aid of oxygen, hydrogen ions fall through the Electric Transport Train
—> Forms a total of 34 ATP and also some H2O
Outcome
From one glucose molecule, you get lots of ATP