Latin spring assessment

Small Words

Pronouns

Prepositions

• Accusative Prepositions:

  • ad (to), per (through), in (into), prope (near), apud (among/at the house of)

• Ablative Prepositions:

  • cum (with), sine (without), de (about, concerning), in (in/on), sub (under)

Verbs

Here’s a breakdown of the verb tenses in both active and passive voices, with all six persons conjugated using amo, amare, amavi, amatus (to love) as the example.

Present Tense

• Active:

  • 1st Person Singular: amo - I love

  • 2nd Person Singular: amas - you love

  • 3rd Person Singular: amat - he/she/it loves

  • 1st Person Plural: amamus - we love

  • 2nd Person Plural: amatis - you (pl.) love

  • 3rd Person Plural: amant - they love

• Passive:

  • 1st Person Singular: amor - I am loved

  • 2nd Person Singular: amaris - you are loved

  • 3rd Person Singular: amatur - he/she/it is loved

  • 1st Person Plural: amamur - we are loved

  • 2nd Person Plural: amamini - you (pl.) are loved

  • 3rd Person Plural: amantur - they are loved

Perfect Tense

• Active:

  • 1st Person Singular: amavi - I have loved

  • 2nd Person Singular: amavisti - you have loved

  • 3rd Person Singular: amavit - he/she/it has loved

  • 1st Person Plural: amavimus - we have loved

  • 2nd Person Plural: amavistis - you (pl.) have loved

  • 3rd Person Plural: amaverunt - they have loved

• Passive:

  • 1st Person Singular: amatus sum - I have been loved

  • 2nd Person Singular: amatus es - you have been loved

  • 3rd Person Singular: amatus est - he/she/it has been loved

  • 1st Person Plural: amati sumus - we have been loved

  • 2nd Person Plural: amati estis - you (pl.) have been loved

  • 3rd Person Plural: amati sunt - they have been loved

Imperfect Tense

• Active:

  • 1st Person Singular: amabam - I was loving

  • 2nd Person Singular: amabas - you were loving

  • 3rd Person Singular: amabat - he/she/it was loving

  • 1st Person Plural: amabamus - we were loving

  • 2nd Person Plural: amabatis - you (pl.) were loving

  • 3rd Person Plural: amabant - they were loving

• Passive:

  • 1st Person Singular: amabar - I was being loved

  • 2nd Person Singular: amabaris - you were being loved

  • 3rd Person Singular: amabatur - he/she/it was being loved

  • 1st Person Plural: amabamur - we were being loved

  • 2nd Person Plural: amabamini - you (pl.) were being loved

  • 3rd Person Plural: amabantur - they were being loved

Pluperfect Tense

• Active:

  • 1st Person Singular: amaveram - I had loved

  • 2nd Person Singular: amaveras - you had loved

  • 3rd Person Singular: amaverat - he/she/it had loved

  • 1st Person Plural: amaveramus - we had loved

  • 2nd Person Plural: amaveratis - you (pl.) had loved

  • 3rd Person Plural: amaverant - they had loved

• Passive:

  • 1st Person Singular: amatus eram - I had been loved

  • 2nd Person Singular: amatus eras - you had been loved

  • 3rd Person Singular: amatus erat - he/she/it had been loved

  • 1st Person Plural: amati eramus - we had been loved

  • 2nd Person Plural: amati eratis - you (pl.) had been loved

  • 3rd Person Plural: amati erant - they had been loved

Future Tense

• Active:

  • 1st Person Singular: amabo - I will love

  • 2nd Person Singular: amabis - you will love

  • 3rd Person Singular: amabit - he/she/it will love

  • 1st Person Plural: amabimus - we will love

  • 2nd Person Plural: amabitis - you (pl.) will love

  • 3rd Person Plural: amabunt - they will love

• Passive:

  • 1st Person Singular: amabor - I will be loved

  • 2nd Person Singular: amaberis - you will be loved

  • 3rd Person Singular: amabitur - he/she/it will be loved

  • 1st Person Plural: amabimur - we will be loved

  • 2nd Person Plural: amabimini - you (pl.) will be loved

  • 3rd Person Plural: amabuntur - they will be loved

Infinitive

• Present Active Infinitive:

  • amare - to love

• All the infinitives:

  

Nouns

1. Declensions: Review all five declensions (1st to 5th)

2. Cases: Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative, Ablative, Vocative

   

Adjectives and Adverbs

1. Adjectives:

   • 2-1-2 adjectives (e.g., bonus, -a, -um - good)

   • 3rd declension adjectives (e.g., fortis, forte - brave)

     

2. Comparatives and Superlatives:

   • Comparatives (e.g., fortior - stronger)

   • Superlatives (e.g., fortissimus - strongest)

3. Adverbs:

   • Basic adverbs (e.g., celeriter - quickly)

   • Comparative adverbs (e.g., citius - more quickly)

   • Superlative adverbs (e.g., citissime - most quickly)

Participles

1. Present Active Participle (e.g., amans - loving)

2. Perfect Passive Participle (e.g., amatus, -a, -um - having been loved)

Irregular Verbs:

Special tense/verbs:

Deponent Verbs

What it is:
Deponent verbs are verbs that are passive in form but active in meaning. They are found in Latin and some other languages.

How it is formed:
Deponent verbs are conjugated using passive endings in all tenses but are translated actively.

Example Verb: Sequor, sequi, secutus sum (to follow)

Full Conjugation Across Tenses:

• Present:

  • sequor (I follow)

  • sequeris (you follow)

  • sequitur (he/she/it follows)

  • sequimur (we follow)

  • sequimini (you all follow)

  • sequuntur (they follow)

• Imperfect:

  • sequebar (I was following)

  • sequebaris (you were following)

  • sequebatur (he/she/it was following)

  • sequebamur (we were following)

  • sequebamini (you all were following)

  • sequebantur (they were following)

• Future:

  • sequentur (I will follow)

  • sequeris (you will follow)

  • sequetur (he/she/it will follow)

  • sequemur (we will follow)

  • sequemini (you all will follow)

  • sequentur (they will follow)

• Perfect:

  • secutus sum (I have followed)

  • secutus es (you have followed)

  • secutus est (he/she/it has followed)

  • secuti sumus (we have followed)

  • secuti estis (you all have followed)

  • secuti sunt (they have followed)

• Pluperfect:

  • secutus eram (I had followed)

  • secutus eras (you had followed)

  • secutus erat (he/she/it had followed)

  • secuti eramus (we had followed)

  • secuti eratis (you all had followed)

  • secuti erant (they had followed)

• Future Perfect:

  • secutus ero (I will have followed)

  • secutus eris (you will have followed)

  • secutus erit (he/she/it will have followed)

  • secuti erimus (we will have followed)

  • secuti eritis (you all will have followed)

  • secuti erunt (they will have followed)

Passives

What it is:
Passive voice indicates that the subject is acted upon by someone or something else.

How it is formed:
In Latin, the passive is formed by using passive verb endings:

• Present: -r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -mini, -ntur

• Perfect: Passive participle + form of sum

• Future perfect and pluperfect use esse forms.

Example Verb: Amare (to love)

Full Conjugation Across Tenses (Indicative):

• Present:

  • amor (I am loved)

  • amaris (you are loved)

  • amatur (he/she/it is loved)

  • amamur (we are loved)

  • amamini (you all are loved)

  • amantur (they are loved)

• Imperfect:

  • amabar (I was loved)

  • amabaris (you were loved)

  • amabatur (he/she/it was loved)

  • amabamur (we were loved)

  • amabamini (you all were loved)

  • amabantur (they were loved)

• Future:

  • amabor (I will be loved)

  • amaberis (you will be loved)

  • amabitur (he/she/it will be loved)

  • amabimur (we will be loved)

  • amabimini (you all will be loved)

  • amabuntur (they will be loved)

• Perfect:

  • amatus sum (I have been loved)

  • amatus es (you have been loved)

  • amatus est (he/she/it has been loved)

  • amati sumus (we have been loved)

  • amati estis (you all have been loved)

  • amati sunt (they have been loved)

• Pluperfect:

  • amatus eram (I had been loved)

  • amatus eras (you had been loved)

  • amatus erat (he/she/it had been loved)

  • amati eramus (we had been loved)

  • amati eratis (you all had been loved)

  • amati erant (they had been loved)

• Future Perfect:

  • amatus ero (I will have been loved)

  • amatus eris (you will have been loved)

  • amatus erit (he/she/it will have been loved)

  • amati erimus (we will have been loved)

  • amati eritis (you all will have been loved)

  • amati erunt (they will have been loved)

Indirect Statements

What it is:
Indirect statements report someone else’s words, thoughts, or beliefs, without quoting them directly. In Latin, they use an accusative subject and an infinitive verb.

How it is formed:

• Introduced by a verb of saying, thinking, perceiving, or knowing.

• The subject of the indirect statement is in the accusative.

• The verb is in the infinitive.

Example:

• Direct statement: Marcus dicit: "Ego venio." (Marcus says, “I am coming.”)

• Indirect statement: Marcus dicit se venire. (Marcus says that he is coming.)

Infinitives Used:

• Present: amare (to love), amari (to be loved)

• Perfect: amavisse (to have loved), amatus esse (to have been loved)

• Future: amaturus esse (to be about to love)

Orders

What it is:
Orders in Latin are typically expressed using the imperative mood, which gives commands or requests.

How it is formed:

• Present imperative singular: base form of the verb (e.g., ama! - love!).

• Present imperative plural: add -te to the base form (e.g., amate! - love, you all!).

• Negative commands use noli (singular) or nolite (plural) with the infinitive.

Example:

• Positive: Porta libros! (Carry the books!)

• Negative: Noli portare libros! (Do not carry the books!)

Conjugations needed:
Only the imperative forms:

• Singular: ama, mone, audi (love, warn, listen)

• Plural: amate, monete, audite (love, warn, listen)

Ablative Absolute

What it is:
An ablative absolute is a construction consisting of a noun and a participle (both in the ablative case) that provides background information or context.

How it is formed:

• Noun/pronoun in the ablative case.

• Participle agreeing with the noun in case, number, and gender.

Example:

• Hostibus victis, milites laeti erant.
  (With the enemies having been defeated, the soldiers were happy.)

Conjugations needed:
Participles in ablative case:

• Present participle: -nte/-ntibus (e.g., amante - loving)

• Perfect participle: -o/-is (e.g., amato - having been loved).