IMMUNE part III_RESPIRATION part I
Page 1: Introduction
Title: The Kiss of Death | Christina Trambas & Eric Vivier
Topic: The Immune System
Page 2: B Cells Activation
Two types of B cell activation:
With TH Cells:
Results in long-lived plasma cells.
Produces high affinity antibodies (IgG) that help with immune memory.
Without TH Cells:
Results in short-lived plasma cells.
Produces low affinity antibodies (IgM) without immune memory.
Activation Step:
Antigen uptake by B cell via B Cell Receptor (BCR).
Antigen processed and presented by MHC-II to TH cells.
Page 3: The Complement Cascade
Comprises part of both adaptive and innate immunity.
Membrane Attack Complex (MAC):
Cytolytic apparatus forming pores in pathogen membranes.
Results in osmolysis: swelling and lysis of target cells.
Page 4: Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)
Role: Link innate and adaptive immunity.
Express MHC II proteins for lymphocyte interaction.
Involve various cells such as NK cells, Mast cells, Dendritic cells, and Macrophages.
Page 5: Immune Response to Bacterial Infection
Key Steps:
Breach of skin barrier leads to:
Activation of MAC and subsequent osmolysis of bacteria.
Mast cell activation → Histamine release → Vasodilation → Chemotaxis → Opsonization.
Leukocyte attraction leads to macrophage and DC engagement, facilitating B cell and TH cell activation.
Page 6: Secondary Immune Response to Viral Infection
Virus invades and triggers a response involving:
MHC-I presentation by invaded cells activating TC cells.
Neutralization of viruses by pre-existing antibodies, phagocytosis by macrophages, and cytokine secretion.
Activation of antiviral states in cells through interferon pathways.
Page 7: Immune Response to Allergens
Allergic response involves non-pathogenic antigens such as food and pollen.
Hypersensitivity Types:
Immediate: Triggered by antibodies within minutes.
Delayed: Occurs days later due to TH cells and macrophages.
Anaphylaxis described as a severe systemic response.
Page 8: Mechanism of Allergen Response
Process:
Allergens presented on MHC-II by APCs leading to T cell and B cell activation.
Plasma cells secrete IgE causing mast cell degranulation leading to inflammation and bronchoconstriction.
Enhanced response upon re-exposure due to memory B cells.
Page 9: Blood Transfusions
Common tissue donation involving red blood cells (RBCs).
RBCs lack MHC I proteins but express ABO and Rh blood group antigens.
Page 10: Blood Type Determination
ABO System:
Blood group A, B, O, AB characterized by specific antigens.
RhD Factor:
Presence or absence of RhD protein classifies blood as RhD+ or RhD-.
8 blood types resulting from Mendelian inheritance patterns.
Page 11: Compatibility in Blood Transfusions
Antibodies form against absent ABO antigens leading to potential transfusion reactions.
Table of compatibility among blood groups summarized.
Page 12: Hemolytic Disease of Newborn
Occurs when RhD- mother carries RhD+ fetus leading to maternal sensitization.
Consequences of RBC lysis in future pregnancies outlined.
RhoGAM approved in 1968 to prevent RhD immunization.
Page 13: Discussion & Clicker
Engagement through questions/comments related to the immune response and blood compatibility.
Page 14: Introduction to Respiratory System
Title: The Respiratory System - Chapter 17
Page 15: Importance of Breathing
Essential for aerobic metabolism—oxygen supply and CO2 removal.
Specialized respiratory structures evolved to meet metabolic demands.
Primary functions:
Gas exchange, regulation of pH, protection from inhaled toxins, and vocalization.
Page 16: Respiratory Types
Cellular Respiration: Energy extraction from biomolecules.
External Respiration: Gas movement between environment and cells—includes inspiration and expiration.
Page 17: Respiratory Anatomy
Upper Tract: Mouth, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx.
Lower Tract: Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs.
Conditioning air (warming, humidifying, trapping particles).
Page 18: Pleural Sac
Structure surrounding lungs consisting of two membranes.
Pleural fluid enables smooth lung movement and prevents collapse via cohesion.
Page 19: Lung Mechanics
Lung Compliance: Ability to stretch during inhalation.
Elastance: Ability to recoil during exhalation, creating pressure differentials.
Page 20: Pneumothorax
Defined as a breach of the pleural cavity.
Affects lung mechanics and cardiovascular hemodynamics.
Page 21: Airways Structure
As air flows through trachea to alveoli, velocity is influenced by cross-sectional area.
Page 22: Alveolar Gas Exchange
Gas exchange occurs across the alveoli with specialized cells:
Type I: facilitate gas exchange.
Type II: secrete surfactant.
Structure enables efficient oxygen and CO2 diffusion.
Page 23: Alveolar Structure Reiteration
Emphasis on alveoli's structural adaptations for gas exchange efficacy.
Page 24: Role of Surfactant
Surfactant reduces surface tension, facilitating alveolar expansion.
Law of LaPlace illustrates pressure dynamics in alveoli based on radius.
Page 25: Air-Blood Barrier
Moisture at the air/blood exchange interface is crucial for preventing dehydration.
Smaller alveoli present challenges for expansion, emphasizing surfactant's role.
Page 26: Surfactant Composition
Comprised of hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules to disrupt hydrogen bonds and reduce surface tension.
Enhances compliance by equalizing pressure across alveoli.
Page 27: Airway Resistance Determination
Poiseuille’s Law describes factors affecting airway resistance.
Control of resistance mediated by smooth muscle surrounding bronchioles.
Page 28: Mechanics of Breathing
Ventilation defined as air movement between atmosphere and alveoli.
Key volumes (VT, ERV, IRV, RV, VC, TLC) define lung capacities.
Page 29: Air Flow Dynamics
Air moves according to pressure gradients created by respiratory muscular activity.
Primary muscles involved: diaphragm and intercostal muscles.
Page 30: Inspiration and Expiration
Describes changes in thoracic volume and pressure during the respiratory cycle.
Page 31: Boyle’s Law
Pressure is inversely proportional to volume; implications for inspiration and expiration dynamics.
Page 32: Pressure-Volume Interaction
Necessities of pressure changes to facilitate air movement in and out of alveoli defined.