IMMUNE part III_RESPIRATION part I

Page 1: Introduction

• Title: The Kiss of Death | Christina Trambas & Eric Vivier

• Topic: The Immune System

Page 2: B Cells Activation

• Two types of B cell activation:

  • With TH Cells:

    • Results in long-lived plasma cells.

    • Produces high affinity antibodies (IgG) that help with immune memory.

  • Without TH Cells:

    • Results in short-lived plasma cells.

    • Produces low affinity antibodies (IgM) without immune memory.

• Activation Step:

  • Antigen uptake by B cell via B Cell Receptor (BCR).

  • Antigen processed and presented by MHC-II to TH cells.

Page 3: The Complement Cascade

• Comprises part of both adaptive and innate immunity.

• Membrane Attack Complex (MAC):

  • Cytolytic apparatus forming pores in pathogen membranes.

  • Results in osmolysis: swelling and lysis of target cells.

Page 4: Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)

• Role: Link innate and adaptive immunity.

• Express MHC II proteins for lymphocyte interaction.

• Involve various cells such as NK cells, Mast cells, Dendritic cells, and Macrophages.

Page 5: Immune Response to Bacterial Infection

• Key Steps:

  • Breach of skin barrier leads to:

    • Activation of MAC and subsequent osmolysis of bacteria.

    • Mast cell activation → Histamine release → Vasodilation → Chemotaxis → Opsonization.

  • Leukocyte attraction leads to macrophage and DC engagement, facilitating B cell and TH cell activation.

Page 6: Secondary Immune Response to Viral Infection

• Virus invades and triggers a response involving:

  • MHC-I presentation by invaded cells activating TC cells.

  • Neutralization of viruses by pre-existing antibodies, phagocytosis by macrophages, and cytokine secretion.

  • Activation of antiviral states in cells through interferon pathways.

Page 7: Immune Response to Allergens

• Allergic response involves non-pathogenic antigens such as food and pollen.

• Hypersensitivity Types:

  • Immediate: Triggered by antibodies within minutes.

  • Delayed: Occurs days later due to TH cells and macrophages.

• Anaphylaxis described as a severe systemic response.

Page 8: Mechanism of Allergen Response

• Process:

  • Allergens presented on MHC-II by APCs leading to T cell and B cell activation.

  • Plasma cells secrete IgE causing mast cell degranulation leading to inflammation and bronchoconstriction.

  • Enhanced response upon re-exposure due to memory B cells.

Page 9: Blood Transfusions

• Common tissue donation involving red blood cells (RBCs).

• RBCs lack MHC I proteins but express ABO and Rh blood group antigens.

Page 10: Blood Type Determination

• ABO System:

  • Blood group A, B, O, AB characterized by specific antigens.

• RhD Factor:

  • Presence or absence of RhD protein classifies blood as RhD+ or RhD-.

• 8 blood types resulting from Mendelian inheritance patterns.

Page 11: Compatibility in Blood Transfusions

• Antibodies form against absent ABO antigens leading to potential transfusion reactions.

• Table of compatibility among blood groups summarized.

Page 12: Hemolytic Disease of Newborn

• Occurs when RhD- mother carries RhD+ fetus leading to maternal sensitization.

• Consequences of RBC lysis in future pregnancies outlined.

• RhoGAM approved in 1968 to prevent RhD immunization.

Page 13: Discussion & Clicker

• Engagement through questions/comments related to the immune response and blood compatibility.

Page 14: Introduction to Respiratory System

• Title: The Respiratory System - Chapter 17

Page 15: Importance of Breathing

• Essential for aerobic metabolism—oxygen supply and CO2 removal.

• Specialized respiratory structures evolved to meet metabolic demands.

• Primary functions:

  • Gas exchange, regulation of pH, protection from inhaled toxins, and vocalization.

Page 16: Respiratory Types

• Cellular Respiration: Energy extraction from biomolecules.

• External Respiration: Gas movement between environment and cells—includes inspiration and expiration.

Page 17: Respiratory Anatomy

• Upper Tract: Mouth, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx.

• Lower Tract: Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs.

• Conditioning air (warming, humidifying, trapping particles).

Page 18: Pleural Sac

• Structure surrounding lungs consisting of two membranes.

• Pleural fluid enables smooth lung movement and prevents collapse via cohesion.

Page 19: Lung Mechanics

• Lung Compliance: Ability to stretch during inhalation.

• Elastance: Ability to recoil during exhalation, creating pressure differentials.

Page 20: Pneumothorax

• Defined as a breach of the pleural cavity.

• Affects lung mechanics and cardiovascular hemodynamics.

Page 21: Airways Structure

• As air flows through trachea to alveoli, velocity is influenced by cross-sectional area.

Page 22: Alveolar Gas Exchange

• Gas exchange occurs across the alveoli with specialized cells:

  • Type I: facilitate gas exchange.

  • Type II: secrete surfactant.

• Structure enables efficient oxygen and CO2 diffusion.

Page 23: Alveolar Structure Reiteration

• Emphasis on alveoli's structural adaptations for gas exchange efficacy.

Page 24: Role of Surfactant

• Surfactant reduces surface tension, facilitating alveolar expansion.

• Law of LaPlace illustrates pressure dynamics in alveoli based on radius.

Page 25: Air-Blood Barrier

• Moisture at the air/blood exchange interface is crucial for preventing dehydration.

• Smaller alveoli present challenges for expansion, emphasizing surfactant's role.

Page 26: Surfactant Composition

• Comprised of hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules to disrupt hydrogen bonds and reduce surface tension.

• Enhances compliance by equalizing pressure across alveoli.

Page 27: Airway Resistance Determination

• Poiseuille’s Law describes factors affecting airway resistance.

• Control of resistance mediated by smooth muscle surrounding bronchioles.

Page 28: Mechanics of Breathing

• Ventilation defined as air movement between atmosphere and alveoli.

• Key volumes (VT, ERV, IRV, RV, VC, TLC) define lung capacities.

Page 29: Air Flow Dynamics

• Air moves according to pressure gradients created by respiratory muscular activity.

• Primary muscles involved: diaphragm and intercostal muscles.

Page 30: Inspiration and Expiration

• Describes changes in thoracic volume and pressure during the respiratory cycle.

Page 31: Boyle’s Law

• Pressure is inversely proportional to volume; implications for inspiration and expiration dynamics.

Page 32: Pressure-Volume Interaction

• Necessities of pressure changes to facilitate air movement in and out of alveoli defined.