Final Exam

A&P-H 1. Cosmetologists should have a thorough understanding of the properties of the hair and scalp because:

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there are physicians specialized in a medical branch of science that involves the study of the hair and it's structures

understanding how the hair structure is formed, and how hairstyling and chemical services alter hair will lead to safer, smarter services

they are responsible for informing clients about the parts of the hair that will be effected by the hair services they are getting

cosmetologists are licensed to diagnose, treat, prescribe, or work on unhealthy hari and scalp

A&P-H 2. These bonds cross-link polypeptide chains and are responsible for the extreme strength and elacticity of human hair:

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carbon bonds

side bonds

hydrogen bonds

peptide bonds

Correct answer

peptide bonds

A&P-H 3. Which of the following refers to tiny grains of pigment in the cortex that give natural color to the hair?

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collagen

elastin

keratin

melanin

A&P-H 4. In the context of the main types of body hair, which of the following is the long hair that is found on the head?

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lanugo hair

vellous hair

terminal hair

fetus hair

Correct answer

terminal hair

A&P-H 5. People with oily hair and scalp should:

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use a shampoo that changes the pH value of the scalp to around 10

thoroughly rinse after shampooing

use products that activate sebaceous glands

use excessively harsh products to curb oil production

A&P-H 6. This is the innermost layer of the hair found in course hair and beard hair. It is also known as the hair's pith or core:

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hair bulp

hair cuticle

medulla

cortex

Correct answer

medulla

A&P-H 7. People with dry hair and scalp should:

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shampoo their hair frequently

use strong soaps and detergents

avoid using products containing emollients

avoid products with high alcohol content

Correct answer

avoid products with high alcohol content

A&P-H 8. Which statement is true of the hair cuticle:

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it protects the cortex

it is the fibrous protein layer of the hair

It contributes to about 90 percent of the hair's weight

It is part of the hair root

Correct answer

it protects the cortex

A&P-H 9. Which of the following describes hair with a raised cuticle, typically damaged, dry, fragile, and brittle:

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low porosity

medium porosity

high porosity

average porosity

A&PH 10. Which of the following statements is true about the hair bulb?

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It is the living portion of the hair found above the epidermis

it contains living cells that form the hair strand

it produces sebum that lubricates the hair and skin

it is the nonliving part of the hair attached to the hair shaft

A&P-H 11. Which of the following statements is true of the hydrogen bonds and salt bonds of the hair?

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they are both reformed by oxidation with neutralizers

they are both broken by thio permanent waves and thio relaxers

they are both weak side bonds

the both result from attracting the same charges

Correct answer

they are both weak side bonds

A&P-H 12. Which of the following statements are true about the telogen phase of the hair growth cycle?

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It is the final hair cycle phase

less than one precent of the scalp hair is in the telogen phase at any time

about ninety percent of the scalp hair is in the telogen phase at any time

it lasts two to six year

Correct answer

It is the final hair cycle phase

A&P-H 13. This measures the number of individual strands of hair per square inch of scalp:

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hair density

hair porosity

hair elacticity

hair texture

AofH 1. These are the two bones that form the sides and the top of the skull's cranium

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occipital bones

frontal bones

parietal bones

temporal bones

AofH 2. This is the large bone that forms the back of the skull above the nape

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parietal bone

occipital bone

temporal bone

frontal bone

AofH 3. This is the large muscle that covers the frontal bone and the occipital bone:

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frontalis

sternocleidomastoideus

platysma

epicranius

M 1. When a surface is properly cleaned the number of contaminants on the surface is:

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only slightly reduced

unchanged

zero

greatly reduced

M 2. Cients who are just getting sick can be contagious without showing any signs of infection are considered to be:

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antiseptic

precautious

asymptomatic

sanitized

M 3. Which of the following bacteria are pus causing and form in clusters like grapes?

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staphylococci

bacilli

spirlla

all cocci

M 4. Which of the following is the virus that causes AIDS (Aquired Immunodifficiency syndrome)

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hepatitis A

hepatitis C

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)

Corona Virus Disease

THS 1. Which of the following is true of effluerage in scalp massage?

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it is often used in a theraputic massage to loosen up dead skin cells from the scalp

it involves gentle pushing and kneading of the scalp with the palms and fingers

uses stroking and circular hand movements

is usually done using the fingertips in backward-to-forward movements

Correct answer

uses stroking and circular hand movements

THS 2. Which statement is true about scalp massage?

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it reduces scalp microcirculation

it increases scalp tenseness

it is a method of manipulating the scalp by tapping, kneading, rubbing, or stroking it with the hands

it is typically done by both manipulating the scalp and the hair simultaneously throughout the service

Correct answer

it is a method of manipulating the scalp by tapping, kneading, rubbing, or stroking it with the hands

THS 3. Hair brushing should be:

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done right before bleaching and lightening services

done after a semipermanent or permanent haircolor service to remove dust, dirt, and hairspray build up

avoided before chemical services even if the manufacturer recommends shampooing before the service

avoided if the scalp is irritated

Correct answer

avoided if the scalp is irritated

THS 4. A dry hair and scalp treatment should be used when there is:

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excessive oiliness caused by overactive sebaceous glands

a deficiency of the scalp and hairs natural oils

dandruff on the scalp

hardened sebum collected in the scalp's pores

THS 5. Which of the following questions would most likely help determine if a clarifying shampoo or treatment is needed for a client?

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Are you taking any medications that contraindicate a wet shampoo service or scalp massage?

When was the last time you shampooed, and how often do you shampoo?

Have you had your hair colored recently?

Do you live where you have well water?

HCP 1. Which of the following is true of leave in conditioners:

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they need to be rinsed throughly

they restore protein and moisture and require a long processing time or the application of heat

they are sometimes called daily condtioners

they are created with a low molecular weight to avoid weighing the hair down

Correct answer

they are created with a low molecular weight to avoid weighing the hair down

HCP 2. Which of the following statements about hair brushing are true?

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brushes with natural bristles should be avoided for wavy hair textures before a scalp massage

paddle brushes wiht rubberlike bristles are widely used to detangle wet hair

correct hair brushing diminishes microcirculation to the scap

when performing a scalp treatment, brushing should overstimulate the scalp

DE 1. Which of the following statements is true of straight fine hair?

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it lacks body or volume

it has an extremely wide shilouette

it offers the most styling versatility

it has the highest elasticity

DE 2. Which of the following best describes the head form?

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it refers to the mass of the head

it refers to the outline of the head seen in a side view

it refers to the volume of the head

it refers to the shape of the head

DE 3. Which of the following statements best describes the crown of the head?

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the triangular section that begins at the apex and ends at the front corners

the area between the apex and the back of the parietal ridge

the highest point at the top of the head

its is the back part of the neck and consists of the hair below the occipital bone

Correct answer

the area between the apex and the back of the parietal ridge

DE 4.  Face shapes are determined by the prominence of:

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head shapes

facial bones

profiles

chin lines

Correct answer

facial bones

DE 5.  When curved lines are used in contrasting directions (first one way and then the other) what do they create?

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an element

dimension

a wave

diagonal

Correct answer

a wave

DE 6.  Which of the following lines moves in a circular or semicircular direction and creates softness in a style?

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transitional

contrasting

diagonal

curved

DE 7.  What type of line is used to create width in a style and extends in the same direction while maintaining a constant distance apart?

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vertical

diagonal

horizontal

arc

Correct answer

horizontal

DE 8.  Which line is used to add length and height to a style?

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open

vertical

contrasting

curved

CSP 1. This is acheived by overdirection or elevating the hair at an elevation typically above 90 degrees:

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layered haircut

blunt haircut

one length haircut

graduated haircut

Correct answer

layered haircut

CSP 2. In a basic clipper cut the hair is:

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cropped close on the bottom and the sides and gets shorter as you travel up

cropped close the forehead and becomes longer as you travel down the head

cropped close and along the bottom and the sides and becomes longer as you travel up the head

all of the above

Correct answer

cropped close and along the bottom and the sides and becomes longer as you travel up the head

CSP 3. Professional haircutting shears are made of:

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glass

steel

pastic

iron

CSP 4. This is a texturizing technique that removes weight and adds movement through the lengths of the hair. 

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notching

effilating

slicing

slithering

Correct answer

slicing

CSP 5. If you are creating graduation in the hair what angle are you elevating the hair to?

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0 degrees

45 degrees

90 degrees

180 degrees

Correct answer

45 degrees

CSP 6. Which statement is true about a clipper over comb technique:

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it allows the stylist to cut the hair very close to the scalp

it allows the stylist to create a round top or circular shaper

it is exclusively used on long haircuts

it is significantly different from the shear-over comb teachnique

CSP 7. When working with a razor:

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the ends are cut at an angle and the line is not blunt

the ends are cut blunt

the guide is usually below your fingers

you can only cut horizontal or vertical lines, but not diagonal lines

CSP 8. Natural hairstyling is best described as:

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a method of strengthening the hair

styling that does not use chemicals or modify the natural coil or curl pattern of textured hair

a styling method that only uses organic dyes and products to style the hair

a technique that uses fingers and palms of the hand rather than any tools to style the hair

CSP 9. Which of the following is a rule for hair pressing:

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recommend conditioning treatment masks twice a day to strengthen and moisturize the hair

consider using a pressing comb rather than a flat iron on high heat for fine textured hair

use a moderately cold comb to press the short hair on the temples and the back of the neck

adjust the temperature of the pressing comb to the texture and condition of the client's hair

Correct answer

use a moderately cold comb to press the short hair on the temples and the back of the neck

CSP 10. Which kind of pincurls are especially effective at adding volume to the hair and have large center openings that are fastened to the head in a standing position often on a rectangular base:

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cascade curls

stand in curls

partail curls

ridge curls

Correct answer

cascade curls

CSP 11. What is the most common type of iron used by consumers/salon guests at home:

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a clipless iron

the crimping iron

the wand iron

the spring iron

CSP 12. Which of the following is described as a section of the hair that is molded in a circular movement in preparation for the formation of curls?

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a stem

a wave

a base

a shaping

Correct answer

a shaping

CSP 13. Which of the following is true of Marcel Irons?

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they are the most common type of iron used by consumers

they are a type of crimping iron that creates a zig zag pattern

the allow the usesrs to manually control the clamp's pressure

they are only available as conventional curling irons

CSP 14. When you place a pin curl with this type of stem, completely off base it allows for the greatest mobility:

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half-stem

mid-stem

full-stem

no-stem

Correct answer

full-stem

CP 1. When working with reactive chemicals they must be:

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segregated in storage

only kept under the sink

never kept in a store room

none of the above

Correct answer

segregated in storage

CP 2. What tools get disinfected with a low level disinfectant?

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shear

clippers

t-edgers/trimmers

combs and brushes

CP 3. Which tools get disinfected with high level disinfectant?

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shears

rollers

plastic clips

combs

CP4. When performing an all over color application, what needs to happen before the appointment?

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Consultation

Predisposition Test

Strand Test

Take a Before Picture

Correct answer

Predisposition Test

CP 5. This is the one activity level that makes a high level disinfectant high level:

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virucidal

tuberculocidal

pseudomoasidal

fungicidal

CP 6. Chemicals that are highly reactive with one another are considered:

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organic

inorganic

volitle

passive

Correct answer

volitle

CP 7. When washing your hands or using hand sanitizer what are you doing?

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cleaning

sterilizing

disinfecting

stripping

Correct answer

cleaning

CT 1. Which of the following relaxer products is used for added skin protection around the hairline, the nape, the top of the ears, and is also used on the scalp for sensetive skin?

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a conditioner

a base cream

a normalizing lotion

a styling cream

CT 2. Which guideline below would you follow to safely perfom a permanent wave service?

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never apply a nonoxidative semipermanent or temporary haircolor right after a perm service

never blot the hair before neutralizing

analyze the elasticity, porosity, and the general health of the hair before starting a perm

always perform a perm on lightened or bleached hair

CT 3. When you wrap the hair vertically, enabling the permed hair to naturally fall in corkscrew curls, and the guest has a uniform curl from scalp to ends which wrapping technique was used?

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a double rod wrap

a basic perm pattern

a spiral wrapping pattern

a bricklay wrapping pattern

CT 4. Properly processed perms should break down and rebuild this percent of the hair's disulfide bonds:

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90%

more than 75%

approximately 50%

between 35-45%

Correct answer

approximately 50%

CT 5. Which of the following statements best defines lanthionization:

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the process by which hydroxide relaxers permanently curl the hair by adding a sulfur atom to a disulfide bond and converting it into lanthionine

the process by which thio relaxers permanently straighten the hair by removeing a sulfur atom from a disulfide bond and converting it into a lanthionine bond

the process by which hydroxide relaxer permanently straighten the hair by removing a sulfur atom from a disulfide bond and converting it into a lanthionine bond

the process by which thio relaxers permanently curl the hair by adding a sulfur atom to a disulfide bond and converting it into a lanthionine bond.

Correct answer

the process by which hydroxide relaxer permanently straighten the hair by removing a sulfur atom from a disulfide bond and converting it into a lanthionine bond

CT 6. Identify an accurate difference between acid perm solutions and alkaline perm solutions below

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acid perms produce more cuticle layer swelling than alkaline perms

the active ingredient in acid perm solutions is ammonium thioglycolate (ATG), whereas the active ingredient in alkaline perm solutions is glyceryl monothioglicolate (GMTG)

acid perm solutions are stronger than alkaline perm solutions

acid perm solutions are ideal for fine, color treated, and fragile hair, whereas alkaline perm solutions are suitable for coarse and moisture resistant hair

CT 7. Which is a true statement about keratin-based smoothing treatments:

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they eliminate up to 50% of the curl

they provide most hair textures with silky smooth, shiny, and frizz free results for up to 12 weeks

they are used to permanently smooth curly and wavy hair textures and eliminate frizz

they are considered the safest smoothing treatments as they seldom contain formaldehyde-producing agents

Correct answer

they provide most hair textures with silky smooth, shiny, and frizz free results for up to 12 weeks

CT 8. What term below refers to the angle a rod is positioned on the head: horizontally, vertically or diagonally:

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base panel

base placement

base direction

base section

CT 9. Which of the following is true about perm/rod/roller picks? (yours are pink)

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they produce curls in the hair

they are used to lift the bands off of the perm rods

they are used to section the hair

they are used to protect clients from direct contact with the chemical cape

HC 1. As a haircolor safety precaution, cosmetologists/hair designers should:

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apply color when a metallic color is present

use a metallic applicator bottle or bowl to mix the color in

brush the hair and scalp before applying color

conduct a strand test for porosity, elasticity, and breakage

HC 2. Which of the following levels is considerd the darkest?

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level 1

level 10

level 5

level 8

HC 3. The following definition refers to color balance:

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porosity

tone

density

intensity

HC 4. Some colors are labeled with numbers and letters. When colors are labeled with only numbers what does the first number represent?

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higher pigment concentration

secondary pigment concentration

the haircolor name

the haircolor level

HL 1. Which  of the following is true of a double process blonde?

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the first step involves pre-lightening of the hair, which lifts or lightens the natural pigment of the hair

the first step involves using a toner to deposit the desired color or tone to the hair

it is most effective when a level that is less than four levels lighter than the natural hair color is desired

it is the most effective when an overall dark blonde is desired

HL 2. When maximum lift is required with a high lift haircolor what volume of developer would you use?

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10

20

30

40

HL 3. What is the chemical compounds that disperse or decolorize natural hair pigment?

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Lighteners

Developer

Peroxide

Clorox Beach

HL 4. Which kind of lighteners are typically made with an oil and cream, and have conditioning agents?

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off the scalp lighteners

clay lighteners

melanin reducing agents

on the scalp lighteners

Correct answer

off the scalp lighteners

ITE 1. This type of color bowl or bottle should not be used with haircolor

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metal

plastic

hard plastic

chemical resistant plastic

Correct answer

metal

ITE 2. Hair clips and clamps are part of a broad category of implements that are sometimes known as 

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picks

autoclaves

sundries

curettes

Correct answer

sundries

ITE 3. Which of the following tools dries hair with out disturbing the curl pattern?

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a steamer

a blowdryer with the comb nozzle attachment

a hooded dryer

a diffuser

ITE 4. What is a true statement about vent brushes:

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they create more natural styles because they do not force the hair into a particular shape

they are best for smooth flat blowouts

they are designed for back brushing

they are used to smooth edges and create "baby hair" after applying edge control

ITE 5. Which of the following tools smooths and straightens hair on a temporary basis:

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a curette

a butterfly clamp

a pressing comb

a hair pick

ITE 6. Which of the following is an implement made of quality steel that is used to curl, wave, smooth, or straighten dry hair?

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a blow dryer

a thermal iron

a curette

an autoclave

PK&C 1. This is a styling aid that is a light and airy whipped product that adds a reasonable amount of body and volume to the hair:

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gel

spritz

pomade

foam

PK&C 2. This styling aid can be oily, greasy, or waxy and it gives the hair a shiny and slick appearance, or it could give a matte finish, and keeps the hair in place with a light or strong hold. 

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spritz

pomade

foam

mousse

PK&C 3. This product is a quick drying liquid that is applied in a form of a mist to hold a style in place:

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setting foam

gel

sheen

hair spray

PK&C 4. This shampoo type will not remove artificial color from the hair:

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pH balanced

medicated

dry

non-stripping shampoo

Correct answer

pH balanced

PK&C 5. This shampoo helps relieve scalp conditions

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pH balanced

medicated

dry

non-stripping

PK&C 6. This shampoo is great after swimming or if your guest has well water:

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pH balanced

medicated

clarifying

dry

PK&C 7. This shampoo adds pigment to the hair:

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balancing shampoo

clarifying shampoo

stripping shampoo

color-enhancing shampoo

PK&C 8. This shampoo can add strength to brittle hair

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dry

sufate-free

two-in-one

strengthening shampoo

PK&C 9. Oil as a conditioner is great for:

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oily scalp

dehydrated scalp

dry scalp and hair

thin hair density with a small diameter

PK&C 10. This conditioner restores protein and moisture:

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oil as a conditioner

daily rinse-out conditoner

daily leave in conditioner

repair conditioner

Correct answer

repair conditioner

PK&C 11. This conditioner can be used daily to detangle and moisturize, but must be rinsed out:

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leave-in conditoner

rinse-out conditioner

oil as a conditioner

repair conditioner

Correct answer

rinse-out conditioner

C 1. During combustion of a substance that accompanies the rapid oxidation:

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an endothermic reaction

neutralization

the ionization of a substance

the production of light and heat

Correct answer

the production of light and heat

C 2. What do immiscible liquid form when they are combined?

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suspensions

stable mixtures

solutions

miscible liquids

C 3. This molecule aids in holding water and oil togehter in an emulsion and is the same molecule that makes shampoo work:

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solution

surfactant

miscible

Immiscible

C 4. If your client requests you use a solution that is neutral to their skin, what pH should you be using?

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0

7

5

14

SUD 1. The third circular electrical connection on a three-prong plug is called:

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a fuse

a grounding pin

a ground fault interrupter

a circuti breaker

Correct answer

a grounding pin

SUD 2. When mixing disinfectants you should:

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not use PPE

add the chemical disinfectant to the water

add the water to the chemical disinfectant

avoid following manufacturers instructions

Correct answer

add the chemical disinfectant to the water

FRS 1. What does it mean if your electrical equipment says that it is UL approved?

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It is approved by Underwriters Laboratories

You can use it in Canada

You must plug it into a fuse box

You may not use it in a professional salon

FRS 2. Which federal agency regulates cosmetics?

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The Food and Drug Administration

OSHA

SDS

MSDS

Correct answer

The Food and Drug Administration

FRS 3. Which federal agency approves disinfectants as low or high level?

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OSHA

FDA

EPA

USPCA

FRS 4. Which of the following are you required by OSHA to have on each product you use in your salon

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A&P-H 1. Cosmetologists need to understand hair and scalp properties for safer services. They inform clients about hair service effects but don't diagnose or treat scalp issues.

A&P-H 2. Side bonds give hair strength and elasticity.

A&P-H 3. Melanin gives natural color to hair.

A&P-H 4. Terminal hair is long hair on the head.

A&P-H 5. Oily hair: rinse thoroughly after shampooing.

A&P-H 6. Medulla is the hair's core.

A&P-H 7. Dry hair: avoid alcohol products.

A&P-H 8. Hair cuticle protects the cortex.

A&P-H 9. High porosity hair is damaged and brittle.

A&P-H 10. Hair bulb contains living cells that form the hair strand.

A&P-H 11. Hydrogen and salt bonds are weak side bonds.

A&P-H 12. Telogen is the final hair cycle phase.

A&P-H 13. Hair density is the number of strands per square inch.

AofH 1. Parietal bones form the sides and top of the skull.

AofH 2. Occipital bone forms the back of the skull.

AofH 3. Epicranius covers frontal and occipital bones.

M 1. Cleaned surfaces have greatly reduced contaminants.

M 2. Asymptomatic clients can be contagious without showing symptoms.

M 3. Staphylococci are pus-causing bacteria in clusters.

M 4. HIV causes AIDS.

THS 1. Effleurage uses stroking and circular hand movements in scalp massage.

THS 2. Scalp massage involves tapping, kneading, rubbing, or stroking the scalp.

THS 3. Avoid hair brushing if the scalp is irritated.

THS 4. Dry hair treatment is for deficient natural oils.

THS 5. Ask about shampoo use to determine if clarifying is needed.

HCP 1. Leave-in conditioners have low molecular weight.

HCP 2. Paddle brushes are used to detangle wet hair.

DE 1. Straight fine hair lacks volume.

DE 2. Head form is the shape of the head.

DE 3. Crown is the area between the apex and the back of the parietal ridge.

DE 4. Face shapes are determined by facial bones.

DE 5. Curved lines in contrasting directions create a wave.

DE 6. Curved lines create softness.

DE 7. Horizontal lines create width.

DE 8. Vertical lines add length and height.

CSP 1. Layered haircut is achieved by overdirection above 90 degrees.

CSP 2. Clipper cuts are close on the bottom and longer on the top.

CSP 3. Shears are made of steel.

CSP 4. Slicing removes weight and adds movement.

CSP 5. Graduation uses a 45-degree angle.

CSP 6. Clipper over comb creates a round shape.

CSP 7. Razor cuts create angled ends.

CSP 8. Natural hairstyling doesn't use chemicals to alter the natural curl pattern.

CSP 9. Adjust the pressing comb temperature to hair texture.

CSP 10. Cascade curls add volume and stand on a rectangular base.

CSP 11. Spring iron is commonly used at home.

CSP 12. Shaping is molding hair in a circular motion.

CSP 13. Marcel Irons allow manual clamp pressure control.

CSP 14. Full-stem pin curls provide the greatest mobility.

CP 1. Reactive chemicals must be segregated.

CP 2. Combs and brushes are disinfected with a low-level disinfectant.

CP 3. Shears are disinfected with a high-level disinfectant.

CP4. Predisposition Test is needed before all over color application.

CP 5. Tuberculocidal makes a disinfectant high level.

CP 6. Chemicals that are highly reactive are volatile.

CP 7. Hand washing is cleaning.

CT 1. Base cream protects skin during relaxing.

CT 2. Analyze hair before perming and avoid perming lightened hair.

CT 3. Spiral wrapping creates corkscrew curls.

CT 4. Properly processed perms break down about 50% of disulfide bonds.

CT 5. Lanthionization: hydroxide relaxers remove a sulfur atom.

CT 6. Acid perms are ideal for fine hair, alkaline for coarse hair.

CT 7. Keratin treatments provide smooth results for up to 12 weeks.

CT 8. Base direction is the rod angle on the head.

CT 9. Perm picks lift bands off rods.

HC 1. Conduct a strand test before coloring.

HC 2. Level 1 is the darkest.

HC 3. Color balance refers to tone.

HC 4. The first number represents the hair color level.

HL 1. Double-process involves pre-lightening.

HL 2. Use volume 40 developer for maximum lift.

HL 3. Lighteners decolorize hair pigment.

HL 4. On the scalp lighteners are oil and cream-based with conditioning agents.

ITE 1. Metal bowls shouldn't be used with hair color.

ITE 2. Hair clips are sundries.

ITE 3. A diffuser dries hair without disturbing curls.

ITE 4. Vent brushes create natural styles. They don't force the hair into a particular shape.

ITE 5. A pressing comb smooths and straightens hair temporarily.

ITE 6. A thermal iron curls or straightens dry hair.

PK&C 1. Foam adds body and volume.

PK&C 2. Pomade gives a shiny or matte finish and holds hair.

PK&C 3. Hair spray holds a style in place.

PK&C 4. pH balanced shampoo doesn't remove artificial color.

PK&C 5. Medicated shampoo relieves scalp conditions.

PK&C 6. Clarifying shampoo is great after swimming.

PK&C 7. Color-enhancing shampoo adds pigment.

PK&C 8. Strengthening shampoo adds strength to brittle hair.

PK&C 9. Oil is great for dehydrated scalp.

PK&C 10. Repair conditioner restores protein and moisture.

PK&C 11. Rinse-out conditioner is used daily to detangle and moisturize.

C 1. Combustion produces light and heat.

C 2. Immiscible liquids form suspensions.

C 3. Sur