apush 8-9
Cold War: two major superpowers competed without direct attacks
Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” Speech: Churchill’s speech is considered the start of the Cold War
Containment: “Contain” communism
Domino Theory: The belief that if one country fell to communism, neighboring countries would follow in a domino effect, leading to a spread of communism across a region.
Truman Doctrine (1947): US gave Greece & Turkey aid to suppress communism (400mil)
Marshall Plan (1948): The US provided 12bil+ to Western Europe to suppress communism
Berlin Airlift: Society cut off land access to Berlin (and flew 60 atomic bombers to England), USSR lifted the blockade after 250k flights
GI Bill of Rights: provided benefits for WWII vets (2mil+Gis attended college: 16bil+ in housing/business loans), Excluded minorities
22nd Amendment: Limits U.S. Presidents to two terms in office, or a maximum of ten years if they fulfill an unexpired term.
Korean War: North Korea invaded South Korea, the US assisted South Korea in a “police action”, The US bombed North Korea heavily and approached china, and China drove our forces to the 38th parralel, Korea remains divided today
Second Red Scare: Gov’t fear that communism permeated society
McCarthyism: Senator Joseph McCarthy led the red scare
Un-American Activities Committee: citizens were forced to testify about their politics
Rosenberg case (1953): Rosenbergs were executed for leaking nuclear secrets
Lavender Scare: Homosexuals were considered “national security risks” and “communist sympathizers”
Brown v Board of Education: SCOTUS ruled that racially segregating public schools as unconstitutional
Emmett Till: A 14-year-old was murdered in Mississippi for whistling at a white woman
Operation Paperclip: 1600+ Nazi scientists were brought to the US
Launch of Sputnik: Formation of NASA
National Defense Education Act: funded schools for STEM and foreign language
Interstate Highway System: authorized 42k mikes of interstate; destroyed minority neighbors
Military Industrial Complex: wanted a relationship between military and defense
Suburbanization and White Flight: The migration of white residents from urban areas to suburbs, often in response to the increasing diversity of city populations
Nation of Islam: A religious movement advocating for the rights and upliftment of African Americans, promoting a message of black nationalism and self-sufficiency.
Malcolm X: A prominent civil rights leader known for his advocacy for black empowerment and his critique of racism, who initially supported the Nation of Islam before later embracing a more inclusive approach toward the end of his life.
Montgomery Bus Boycott: Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up a seat (Claudette Colvin did so beforehand), 50k residents boycotted for 381 days, MLK gained national prominence
Ruby Bridges: Bridges was 1 of 6 Black Kids escorted by federal marshals in New Orleans to integrate an all-white school
Little Rock 9: Arkansas National Guard halted integration, 15-year-old Elizabeth Eckford arrived solo
Eisenhower Response LR9: Eisenhower deployed the 101st airborne to enforce the laws
Cuban Revolution (1959): Fidel Castro led a communist revolution in Cuba, Nationalized US industries and allied with the USSR
Bay of Pigs (1961): CIA-trained Cuban exiles were defeated by Castro
Cuban Missile Crisis & Outcome: The U.S. discovered USSR nuclear missile sites in Cuba, JFK blockaded and threatened nuclear war, USSR agreed to remove missiles from Cuba if the US promised not to invade and to remove its missiles from Turkey
Berlin Wall (1961): East Germany built a wall to prevent people from fleeing to West Berlin
Engel v. Vitale (1962): Supreme Court decision against school-sponsored prayer in public schools.
JFK Assassination (1963): President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas.
SCLC: Southern Christian Leadership Conference, led by Martin Luther King Jr. to advance civil rights.
SNCC: Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, a key organization in the civil rights movement.
Rosa Parks; Montgomery Bus Boycott: Parks' refusal to give up her bus seat sparked a year-long boycott against segregated buses.
Sit-ins: Nonviolent protests where participants sit in segregated areas and refuse to leave.
Freedom Riders: Activists riding interstate buses to challenge segregation in the South.
MLK Jr.; March on Washington: Martin Luther King Jr. led the march advocating for civil and economic rights, famous for "I Have a Dream" speech.
Birmingham Campaign: A series of nonviolent protests against segregation in Birmingham, Alabama.
March on Washington: A significant event in 1963 that mobilized thousands for civil rights.
Selma Campaign: Protest marches from Selma to Montgomery advocating for voting rights.
Watts Uprising (1965): Riots in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles following police brutality.
1968 King assassination riots: Uprisings across the country after the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
Ruby Bridges: First African American child to integrate an all-white elementary school in New Orleans.
Civil Rights Legislation: Laws aimed at eliminating discrimination and promoting equal rights.
Civil Rights Act (1964): This landmark legislation prohibits discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
Voting Rights Act (1965): This law aimed to eliminate barriers to voting for African Americans.
Fair Housing Act (1968): Law prohibiting discrimination in housing.
The Great Society: A set of domestic programs launched by President Johnson aimed at eliminating poverty and racial injustice.
Vietnam War: Military conflict in Vietnam involving North vs. South Vietnam, including US intervention.
Ho Chi Minh: Leader of North Vietnam, known for his communist ideology.
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964): Congressional resolution giving President Lyndon B. Johnson authority to use military force in Vietnam.
“Search and Destroy”: Military strategy used during the Vietnam War to locate and eliminate enemy forces.
Operation Rolling Thunder: Sustained bombing campaign against North Vietnam by the U.S.
Tet Offensive (1968): Major offensive by North Vietnamese forces marking a turning point in the Vietnam War.
My Lai Massacre (1968): The mass killing of unarmed Vietnamese civilians by U.S. troops during the Vietnam War.
Agent Orange and napalm: Herbicides and incendiary weapons used in Vietnam, causing long-term health effects.
Anti-war Movement: Social movement opposing U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War.
SDS: Students for a Democratic Society, an anti-war organization founded in the 1960s.
Kent State shootings (1970): Shooting of university students protesting the Vietnam War by the National Guard.
Black Power Movement: This movement emphasized racial pride and encouraged political and social independence for Black Americans.
Formation of the Black Panther Party: Established in 1966 to monitor police behavior and provide social programs for African Americans.
Huey P. Newton: Co-founder of the Black Panther Party, known for advocating for self-defense against police brutality.
Bobby Seale: Co-founder of the Black Panther Party, noted for activism and promoting community programs.
Angela Davis: Activist and scholar associated with the Black Panther Party and civil rights efforts.
Fred Hampton assassination: Killing of Black Panther leader Fred Hampton by the Chicago police in 1969.
Chicano Movement: Movement advocating for the rights and culture of Mexican Americans.
Cesar Chavez: Labor leader and civil rights activist, co-founded the United Farm Workers union.
Second Wave Feminism: The feminist movement focused on issues such as equality in the workplace and reproductive rights during the 1960s and 70s.
The Feminine Mystique: Book by Betty Friedan, which criticized the domestic roles of women in society.
Roe v. Wade (1973): Landmark Supreme Court case that legalized abortion in the U.S.
Equal Rights Amendment: A proposed amendment aiming to guarantee equal legal rights for all American citizens regardless of sex.
Gay Liberation: Movement advocating for the rights and acceptance of LGBTQ+ individuals.
Stonewall Uprising (1969); Origin of “Pride”: A series of riots against police raids at the Stonewall Inn in NYC, marking a significant event in LGBTQ+ history.
Marsha P. Johnson: Prominent LGBTQ+ activist known for her role in the Stonewall Uprising and advocacy for trans rights.
American Indian Movement (AIM): Native American advocacy group focused on issues such as sovereignty and justice.
Takeover of Wounded Knee (1973): AIM's occupation of Wounded Knee, South Dakota, to protest government treatment of Native Americans.
Asian American Movement: Movement advocating for the rights and recognition of Asian Americans.
Nuyorican Movement: Cultural and artistic expression rooted in Puerto Rican identity and experience in New York City.
Environmental Movement: Advocacy aimed at protecting the environment and promoting sustainability.
Clean Air Act: Legislation aimed at controlling air pollution and improving air quality.
Clean Water Act: Federal law governing water pollution in the United States.
Endangered Species Acts: Laws aimed at protecting threatened and endangered species.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): U.S. government agency tasked with environmental protection and regulation.
Disability Rights Movement: Movement advocating for the rights and inclusion of people with disabilities.
Détente: Easing of strained relations, particularly between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, during the Cold War.
Watergate; Nixon's resignation: Political scandal leading to the resignation of President Nixon in 1974.
Camp David Accords: Peace agreement between Israel and Egypt brokered by President Carter in 1978.
Iranian Hostage Crisis (1979): 444-day crisis where 52 American diplomats and citizens were held hostage in Iran.
Ronald Reagan and Conservatism/Christian Right: This era was marked by Reagan's policies and the rise of conservative movements.
Rise of conservatism: “Traditional values,” economic conservatives, Cold War hawks, and the “Moral Majority” emphasized traditional social norms.
Supply-side economics (trickle down): Economic theory favoring tax cuts for the rich to stimulate investment and growth.
AIDS/HIV Pandemic: A global health crisis starting in the 1980s, severely impacting LGBTQ and BIPOC communities due to neglect.
Fall of the Soviet Influence: Decline of Soviet power leading up to the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan: The 1979 invasion aimed at supporting a communist government but resulted in prolonged conflict.
German Reunification (1990): Process of uniting West and East Germany after the Cold War.
Soviet Union collapse (1991): Dissolution of the Soviet Union, leading to independence for many former republics.
Domestic Turmoil: Period marked by various social upheavals and crises in the U.S.
Rodney King Riots: Uprisings in Los Angeles following the acquittal of police officers involved in the beating of Rodney King.
Waco Siege: 1993 standoff between federal agents and the Branch Davidians in Texas.
Oklahoma City Bombing: 1995 domestic terrorist attack on a federal building in Oklahoma City.
Migration Trends of the 90s: Notable demographic shifts and movements within the United States during this period.
9/11 & the rise of Islamophobia: Terrorist attacks in 2001 that led to increased prejudice against Muslims in America.
“War on Terror”: Military campaigns initiated by the U.S. after the September 11 attacks against terrorism worldwide.
Invasion of Afghanistan (2001): Military intervention following 9/11 aimed at dismantling al-Qaeda and removing the Taliban.
Patriot Act: Legislation enacted to enhance law enforcement's ability to prevent terrorism in the U.S.
Invasion of Iraq (2003); “Weapons of Mass Destruction”: U.S.-led invasion justified by claims of WMD possession by Iraq.
Election of Barack Obama: Barack Obama became the first African American President of the United States in 2008.