vocabulary

• midlatitudes - the regions on Earth lying between 30 and 60 degrees latitude from both the equator and poles

• social stratification - a system by which a society ranks people in a hierarchy

• arable land - fertile land that can be used for farming

• redistricting - a procress where new district bounds are drawn

• infrastructure - the basic physical and organization structures needed for a society to function

• carrying capacity - the maximum number of individuals that an environment can support

• cohorts - a group of individuals with a shared characteristic

• dependent population - under 15, over 64; rely on others for financial support

• dependency ratio - ratio between those not working, and those working

• immigrants - those coming into another country

• emigrants - those coming out of a country

• demographic momentum - the tendency of a population to grow even after fertility rates decline

• antinatalist policies - policies implemented to decrease the country’s birth rate

• pronatalist policies - strategies implemented to encourage citizens to have more children

• push factor - conditions that compel individuals to migrate

• pull factor -a positive condition that attracts people to migrate

• intervening obstacles - an environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration

• asylum - protection granted to a refugee

• transhumance - moving livestock seasonally between highland and lowland areas, nomadic

• xenophobia - dislike of people from other countries

• ecumene - inhabited land

• agglomerations - lots of different things gathered together

• arithmetic density - total population / total land area

• physiological density - total population / area of arable land

• agricultural density - # of farmers / area of arable land

• natural hazards - a natural event that could threaten the population, does not kill anyone

• greying population - country relies on elderly population; more old than young

• cultural/ethnic enclave - an area where a particular ethnic group is clustered

• remittances - funds sent from migrants → home country

• refugees - legally recognized people who fled from country for different reasons

• international - between different countries

• interregional - between different regions, within a country

• intraregional - within a region, within a country

• guest workers - someone who is allowed to live in a country temporarily for work

rates

• crude birth rate (CBR) - # of live births / 1000 people

• crude death rate (CDR) - # of deaths / 1000 people

• infant mortality rate (IMR) - # of deaths of babies <1 year / 1000 births

• total fertility rate (TFR) - average # of children born to each woman

• replacement fertility - amount of fertility needed to keep population stable/same

• doubling time - amount of time it takes for population to double

• natural increase rate / rate of natural increase (NIR/RNI) - % of growth/decline, excluding immigration and emigration

• net migration - refers to if more people are migrating in or out

types of migration

• step migration - when an individual migrates through stages

• counter migration - migration in the opposite direction

• return migration - migration back to the place of origin

• forced migration - when people leave their homes due to factors outside their control

• voluntary migration - when people can choose to migrate

• step migration - gradual, takes steps to migrate

• chain migration - moving because of family and nationality - “chain reaction”

• net-in migration - more people coming in (immigrating) - per 1000 people

• net-out migration - more people going out (emigrating) - per 1000 people

models

population pyramids

demographic transition model (DTM)

• shows population change as a country develops

• limitations:

  • no migration

  • does predict time in each stage

  • CBR is used, but it is not as accurate as TFR

• stage 1 - births and deaths are high; small population

• stage 2 - births are high, death rate drops; rapid population growth

• stage 3 - births drop, death rate stays low; population growth slows

• stage 4 - births and deaths are low; population growth plateaus

• stage 5 - births and deaths are very low, aging population; population decreases

epidemiological transition model (ETM)

• shows health and disease patterns as country develops

• limitations:

  • does not take into account that health care depends on scale

  • no migration

  • does not predict time in each stage

• stage 1 - famine

• stage 2 - receding pandemic

• stage 3 - degenerative and human created diseases

• stage 4 - delay degenerative diseases

• stage 5 - reemergence of infectious diseases

malthusian model

• too many people on Earth, not enough resources → war starts

• Ester Boserup - against Malthusian theory

• limitations:

  • new technology and innovation can avoid crisis and no resources

lee’s migration model

• explains migration patterns based on push/pull factors

• there are things that get into the way of migration and different factors that push/pull you away/towards from a place

• limitations:

  • doesn’t apply to industrial areas, mostly individuals’ decisions

  • assumes all migration is voluntary and available

ravenstein’s laws of migration

• migration flows produces counter-flows (chain migration)

• females migrate more within their country, males more international

• limitations:

  • no cultural/political factors

zelinsky’s migration

• shows changes in migration patterns as countries develop

• limitations:

  • ignores urbanization, focuses on industrialization instead

  • generalizations made - linear projection made isn’t always accurate

  • ignores migration within a country