Untitled Flashcards Set

How Do Sensations Become Perceptions: “Trigger” sensation goes to CNS fires to signal the Brain.

Sensory Threshold: the intensity for something needed to be detected by us.

signal-detection: threshold combined with one’s state of mind.

sublime perception: something too weak to signal in our conscious mind, though it signals in our unconcious mind.

Difference threshhold: how intense a stimulus needs to be.

Cocktail party Affect: someone says your name and you hear it during a party.

PARTS of the EYE

Scelara: White membrane

Cornea:focuses light

Iris: muscle/ determines eye color

Pupil: opening at the center of the iris

Lens: focuses light

Retina: receives info, and gets it into your brain.

Vision and the Brain: connected.

Dark Adaptation: what changes? our eyes switch from cone to rod dominance.

Trichromatic theory: colors are seen as red, green blue, which happens as our brain detects what cones are firing

Opponent Process theory: exititory and inhibitory responses between cells - which accounts fro the “after image”

Bio/mono cular depth cues. requires input from one or two eye(s) for depth perception.

figure-ground perception.. and visual illusions: misperception of visual reality

effects in our preception: experience and culture affects our perception

Linear perception: lines .. such as when the two line are on the traintracks.

relative size: (closer or further)

interposition: (overlap)

Textures: (see texture closer up)

Ariel perspective :(distance is a blur)

figure ground perception: something is not the ground, even if it is on it.

Hearing

audition: study of how we interpret sound.

sound waves: carried by mediums.. Frequency goes with pitch and amplitude is volume.

olfaction: sense of smell when molecules are in the air.

Gustation: it is the sense of taste it can be bitter, sour, sweet, or salty.

Three Approaches to comprendre psychology

Traditional: OG. humans are basically and fundamentally (merely) “natural organisms” we can be understood by biology.

Broader and deeper: “humans are best understood” seeks to understand experience rather than explain behavior. so they are understood within their own world - they make meaning themselves, and direct their own life. and cannot be explained simply biologically (Existentialist tradition). People cannot be understood simply by biology.

Christian Worldview and the gospel view:Humans are moral beings with agency. Capable of meaning and change. morally sensitive and eternal in nature. I think that is true - afterall - each county has their “moral foundations”

makes the Broader and deeper more spiritual - we are eternal. and gift of agnecy, meaning, ect.

whitehead’s commitments: we are “being in the world” - living in an enviroment full of stimuli, or are we in a world with other humans with meaning?

Whitehead’s measurement problem: how do we measure love? is it a physical quantity?

Never Jump to conclusions, or assume one best explanation.

Chapter 6:

Attention: blocks out other stimuli while focusing on something specific.

Unconscious: perception without awareness. this can be

dichotic listening: (hear through each ear)

Blindsight: you can’t recognize what it is but your body can. you do not know or realize you are uncomfortable, though your body is showing it.

Stroop affect: the expiriment of the words Red, blue, yellow (causing our brain to jump to conclusion of what color the word is.)

Automatic Processing: able to perform a task without concious effort to do it.

Freudian consciousness: (iceberg): conscious: of thoughts, feelings, and images.

Stages of the Freudian consciousness: Consiousness: what is in front of us. Preconscious: accessible memories

Unconsciousness: desires, aggressive impulses, repressed memories.

Sleep:

circadian rythmn : is 24 hours of physciological changes: the pineal gland and melatonin regulates this. These can be interrupted by jet lag, or shift work. Pase Advance or Phase Delay can arise.

What regulates the circadian rhythm: the pineal gland and melatonin.

Waves during sleep: beta waves, alpha waves, theta waves, delta waves. Sleep comes and goes in 90 min. cycles. Paradoxical sleep: REM because there is high levels of brain activity but low levels of body movement .

Why is sleep needed? restores body and mind. without it, those abilities will decline.

sleep disorders: insomnia, and narcolepsy.

insomnia: (sleep onset or maintenance: difficulty falling asleep vs. difficuly staying asleep.

Sleep Apnea: needs to wake up to breath.

Narcolepsy: Repeated, sudden, and uncontrolable REM sleep attacks.

Dreams: are stories.. average of four per night… there can be Nightmares,

Night terrors (NREM dreams)

Lucid dreams: directing and knowing your dreaming.

The purpose of dreaming: problem solving, aid to memory, fulfillment, brain activity to simply stimulate your brain.

Hypnosis: Hypnotic induction and susceptibility.

Reason for Hypnosis: It can relieve pain, healing/immune functioning, cognitive (memory enhancement) and behavioral (no one can hypnotize you of what you couldn’t do. Neodissociation Theory: Hypnosis induces and altered dissociated state … Hidden observe: the person is aware of it. dissociation: the mind is dissociated from reality.

Drugs: changes mood, and neuronal affects.

Psychological dependance: withdraw after addiction, and meaning you are addicted to it.

Depressants:

alcholol: reduce social inhibititons

Barbitures: slow down centeral nervouse system and cause sleepiness. Mild euphoria, lack of restraint, relief of anxiety, impared memory/coordination

Opiates:relieve pain and makes euphoric conciousness.

Hallucinogens: extreme changes in conciousness

LDS: shift color patterns,changes shapes and objects,

Marijuana: induced relaxation , removes social inhibitions, intensifies sensory experience, and interferes with memory formation.

Entactogens:

stimulants and hallucinogens.

Relaxation, positive mood, emotional sensitivity and feelings, alters perception of time and physical enviroment. MDE, and MDMA. all drugs have a short and long term effects on yourself.

Stimulants: make you feel something Increase arousal.

Hallucinogens: alterates conciousness.

Nicotine: regulates arousal.

Amphetmines: maintains alertness and wakefulness

Cocaine: alertness and euphoria

CONDITIONING

Classical: an automatic conditioned response is associated with a stimulus, and it happens unconcously.

operant conditioning: Behaviors that are modified from their consequences

Example of conditioning: UCS: meal. UCR: Salvating CS: Tone. CR: Salivating (pavals dogs)

Little albert: UCS: loud noise UCR: fear, CS: White rat CR: Fear/Anxiety

operant conditioning : Shaping: Positive reinforcement for desired respose.. small steps towards a goal

Changing: rewarding every behavior in a seris of schedule of reinforcement links multiple behaviors.

Continuous reinforcement: each time after

Partial schefule: a reinforcement is provided only after a certain number of responses or after a certain amount of time has passed, which can help maintain motivation and encourage persistence in behavior. 

Fixed-ratio schedule: every five times (x) you get a rewared. Fixed-interval (time)

Ways to reinforce:

• positive: always means adding something good.

• Negative: removing something unpleasant to reinforce desired behavior.

• Positive punishment: Adding something unpleasant to discourage unwanted behavior.

• Negative punishment: remove something

biological constraints:

instinctive drift: animals will eventually go back to their behavior.

and Behavioral prepardness: organisms will learn more quickly with certain stimuli.

Memory:: information is acquired, can be retrieved, and might become forgotten.

storage: retention in memory

retrieval: recovery of information

Levels of Processing: the depth of which we process information determines how well it is encoded, stored, and retrieved.

Brains like a computer: Encoding, Storage, Retrieval, Forget (if it is useless)

Iconic memory: visual memory, lasts up about a second

Echoic memory: auditory sensory memory, lasts up to 4 seconds or more.

Haptic memory: based on feeling (lasts up to 2 seconds.

Short term-memory: short term memory: can lst for 20 seconds.. Maintenance rehearsal: repeats info to oneself to keep it in short term

Sensory memory: stage of memory (mostly a few seconds) what you are thinking of right now.

Memory Diagram: know that..

Interference: Recall of one memory interfereing with recall of another one.

Trace Decay: memories fade.

Motivation: likley to forget memories that were traumatic. and remembering ones that are happier.

Encoding specificity: specific cues help encode memories: studying with gum.

Eyewitness testimony: Unreliable, Confidence has no relation to the accurate of their testimony. They can make things up in their mind.

Improving your memory: Overlearning, Distributed practive vs. massed practice (cramming)

and spreading out the memorization of information or learning of motor skill over seasons.

Using mnemic device: using acronymes, rhymes, poems, langage to help you remember things. Map of US for student names.

the Pegword method: (connecting two words) , and Link Method (associating notes or ideas with images)

Biopsychology of memory: neuroanatomy of memory. anatomical and chemical bases of memory. Hippocampus: plays an important role in converting short-term memories into long-term memories.

forgetting curve: remember only 20 perecent over a month..

Schema theory and Semantic Netowrk Theory:memories are stored as nodes of interconneced links that represent their relationship.

Constructive recall: you fill in the blanks with a schema. you might make up certain details even if it wasn’t actually like that (sooo bias? )