kolbintro6e_lectureslides_ch01
What Are the Origins of Brain and Behavior?
Chapter 1 Introduction to Brain and Behavior
Authors: Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, G. Campbell Teskey
Edition: Sixth Edition
Clinical Focus: Living with Traumatic Brain Injury
Millions of people in the U.S. experience traumatic brain injury (TBI).
TBI results from a blunt force to the head or concussion.
Linge's forecast highlights the challenges faced by TBI patients: lack of diagnosis, planning, rehabilitation, and hope.
The Brain in the Twenty-First Century (Part 1)
Importance of studying brain and behavior arises from unanswered questions about consciousness and behavior production.
The human brain is one of the most complex organs, present in many animal groups.
Understanding the brain opens avenues for explanations and treatments of behavioral disorders.
The Brain in the Twenty-First Century (Part 2)
Nervous System Overview:
Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Connects the CNS to the rest of the body.
Major Brain Structures:
Cerebrum (forebrain)
Hemispheres
Brainstem
Cerebellum
The Brain in the Twenty-First Century (Part 3)
Cerebrum Overview:
Right hemisphere
Left hemisphere
Importance of the brainstem and cerebellum in basic physiological functions.
The Brain in the Twenty-First Century (Part 4)
Can the brain function without sensory input or motor ability?
Concept of embodied behavior and scenarios such as sensory deprivation.
Examples:
Locked-in Syndrome
Minimally Conscious State (MCS)
The Brain in the Twenty-First Century (Part 5)
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS):
Used for treating Parkinson’s disease, depression, and aiding TBI recovery.
Visual evidence: Electrodes implanted in the thalamus.
What is Behavior?
According to Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt, behavior consists of patterns in time, including movements, vocalizations, and thoughts.
Animal behaviors can be categorized as:
Inherited responses
Learned actions from cultural transmission.
Perspectives on Brain and Behavior (Part 1)
Aristotle and Mentalism:
Mentalism explains behavior as a function of a nonmaterial mind.
Aristotle’s belief: The brain cools the blood, not responsible for behavior.
Psyche as a nonmaterial essence governing behavior.
Perspectives on Brain and Behavior (Part 2)
Descartes and Dualism:
Dualism posits that both mind and body influence behavior.
Interaction concepts refer to the mind-body problem affecting understanding.
Perspectives on Brain and Behavior (Part 3)
Dualist Hypotheses:
Proposed that the mind resides in the pineal gland, directing bodily actions through fluid flow.
Acknowledgment of the pineal gland's role in biorhythms.
Comparative Focus 1-2: The Speaking Brain
Arguments by Berwick and Chomsky regarding human language evolution and its uniqueness.
Discusses ASL training in chimpanzees and similarities in brain activation between humans and chimpanzees during communication.
Perspectives on Brain and Behavior (Part 4)
Darwin and Materialism:
Materialism advocates that behavior is explained through the nervous system without involving the mind.
Natural selection theory explains species evolution through reproductive success.
Perspectives on Brain and Behavior (Part 5)
Understanding natural selection and heritable factors in evolution.
Key terms:
Natural selection, species, phenotype, genotype, epigenetics.
Perspectives on Brain and Behavior (Part 6)
Gregor Mendel’s contributions to understanding heritable traits via genes.
How Do Parents Transmit Heritable Factors to Offspring?
Flowers' genetic inheritance illustrated through crosses.
First generation (F1) and second generation (F2) outcomes analyzed based on parental traits.
Perspectives on Brain and Behavior (Part 7)
Darwin and Materialism: Epigenetics overview.
Epigenetics explores gene expression variations influenced by environment.
Changes can last a lifetime, affecting traits inherited from parents.
Perspectives on Brain and Behavior (Part 8)
Summarizes that related animal species share similar brain and behavior developments over time.
Perspectives on Brain and Behavior (Part 9)
Modern psychology assumes behavior is correlated with neural function.
Discusses the concept of eliminative materialism and its significance in contemporary brain theory.
Evolution of Brains and of Behavior (Part 1)
Brain evolution observed through gene, brain, and behavior comparisons with a common ancestor.
Human-like brains emerged 6 million years ago.
Evolution of Brains and of Behavior (Part 2)
Overview of nervous system evolution in different animal species.
Evolution of Brains and of Behavior (Part 3)
Evolutionary tree highlighting different animal classes and their characteristics.
The Basics: Classification of Life
Taxonomy depicts evolutionary history through five kingdoms and fifteen groups.
The Basics: Cladogram
Overview of the nervous system and muscle evolution with the common ancestor concept.
Evolution of Brains and of Behavior (Part 4)
Chordata phylum demonstrates notable encephalization, with humans having the largest brain relative to body size.
Evolution of the Human Brain and Behavior (Part 1)
Humans belong to the Primate order, sharing a common ancestor with chimpanzees.
Evolutionary milestones in hominid history since 5 million years ago.
Evolution of the Human Brain and Behavior (Part 2)
Chart detailing the primate lineage evolution.
Evolution of the Human Brain and Behavior (Part 3)
Evolutionary characteristics of early humans like Australopithecus and Homo sapiens.
Evolution of the Human Brain and Behavior (Part 4)
Brain size development in the human lineage.
Evolution of the Human Brain and Behavior (Part 5)
Development of early humans:
Homo habilis and Homo erectus with advancement in tool-making.
Evolution of the Human Brain and Behavior (Part 6)
EQ (Encephalization Quotient) metric for comparing brain sizes across species.
Evolution of the Human Brain and Behavior (Part 7)
Analyzing neuron counts across species to understand brain complexity and behavior.
Evolution of the Human Brain and Behavior (Part 8)
Discusses connections formed by the increase in neuron numbers.
Evolution of the Human Brain and Behavior (Part 9)
Climate change effects on hominid brain development and cultural emergence.
Evolution of the Human Brain and Behavior (Part 10)
Physiological changes linked to dietary shifts due to cooking.
Evolution of the Human Brain and Behavior (Part 11)
Exploration of the human genome and related gene mutations impacting brain size.