kolbintro6e_lectureslides_ch01

What Are the Origins of Brain and Behavior?

Chapter 1 Introduction to Brain and Behavior

• Authors: Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, G. Campbell Teskey

• Edition: Sixth Edition

Clinical Focus: Living with Traumatic Brain Injury

• Millions of people in the U.S. experience traumatic brain injury (TBI).

• TBI results from a blunt force to the head or concussion.

• Linge's forecast highlights the challenges faced by TBI patients: lack of diagnosis, planning, rehabilitation, and hope.

The Brain in the Twenty-First Century (Part 1)

• Importance of studying brain and behavior arises from unanswered questions about consciousness and behavior production.

• The human brain is one of the most complex organs, present in many animal groups.

• Understanding the brain opens avenues for explanations and treatments of behavioral disorders.

The Brain in the Twenty-First Century (Part 2)

• Nervous System Overview:

  • Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord.

  • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Connects the CNS to the rest of the body.

  • Major Brain Structures:

    • Cerebrum (forebrain)

    • Hemispheres

    • Brainstem

    • Cerebellum

The Brain in the Twenty-First Century (Part 3)

• Cerebrum Overview:

  • Right hemisphere

  • Left hemisphere

  • Importance of the brainstem and cerebellum in basic physiological functions.

The Brain in the Twenty-First Century (Part 4)

• Can the brain function without sensory input or motor ability?

  • Concept of embodied behavior and scenarios such as sensory deprivation.

  • Examples:

    • Locked-in Syndrome

    • Minimally Conscious State (MCS)

The Brain in the Twenty-First Century (Part 5)

• Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS):

  • Used for treating Parkinson’s disease, depression, and aiding TBI recovery.

  • Visual evidence: Electrodes implanted in the thalamus.

What is Behavior?

• According to Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt, behavior consists of patterns in time, including movements, vocalizations, and thoughts.

• Animal behaviors can be categorized as:

  • Inherited responses

  • Learned actions from cultural transmission.

Perspectives on Brain and Behavior (Part 1)

• Aristotle and Mentalism:

  • Mentalism explains behavior as a function of a nonmaterial mind.

  • Aristotle’s belief: The brain cools the blood, not responsible for behavior.

  • Psyche as a nonmaterial essence governing behavior.

Perspectives on Brain and Behavior (Part 2)

• Descartes and Dualism:

  • Dualism posits that both mind and body influence behavior.

  • Interaction concepts refer to the mind-body problem affecting understanding.

Perspectives on Brain and Behavior (Part 3)

• Dualist Hypotheses:

  • Proposed that the mind resides in the pineal gland, directing bodily actions through fluid flow.

  • Acknowledgment of the pineal gland's role in biorhythms.

Comparative Focus 1-2: The Speaking Brain

• Arguments by Berwick and Chomsky regarding human language evolution and its uniqueness.

• Discusses ASL training in chimpanzees and similarities in brain activation between humans and chimpanzees during communication.

Perspectives on Brain and Behavior (Part 4)

• Darwin and Materialism:

  • Materialism advocates that behavior is explained through the nervous system without involving the mind.

  • Natural selection theory explains species evolution through reproductive success.

Perspectives on Brain and Behavior (Part 5)

• Understanding natural selection and heritable factors in evolution.

• Key terms:

  • Natural selection, species, phenotype, genotype, epigenetics.

Perspectives on Brain and Behavior (Part 6)

• Gregor Mendel’s contributions to understanding heritable traits via genes.

How Do Parents Transmit Heritable Factors to Offspring?

• Flowers' genetic inheritance illustrated through crosses.

• First generation (F1) and second generation (F2) outcomes analyzed based on parental traits.

Perspectives on Brain and Behavior (Part 7)

• Darwin and Materialism: Epigenetics overview.

  • Epigenetics explores gene expression variations influenced by environment.

  • Changes can last a lifetime, affecting traits inherited from parents.

Perspectives on Brain and Behavior (Part 8)

• Summarizes that related animal species share similar brain and behavior developments over time.

Perspectives on Brain and Behavior (Part 9)

• Modern psychology assumes behavior is correlated with neural function.

• Discusses the concept of eliminative materialism and its significance in contemporary brain theory.

Evolution of Brains and of Behavior (Part 1)

• Brain evolution observed through gene, brain, and behavior comparisons with a common ancestor.

  • Human-like brains emerged 6 million years ago.

Evolution of Brains and of Behavior (Part 2)

• Overview of nervous system evolution in different animal species.

Evolution of Brains and of Behavior (Part 3)

• Evolutionary tree highlighting different animal classes and their characteristics.

The Basics: Classification of Life

• Taxonomy depicts evolutionary history through five kingdoms and fifteen groups.

The Basics: Cladogram

• Overview of the nervous system and muscle evolution with the common ancestor concept.

Evolution of Brains and of Behavior (Part 4)

• Chordata phylum demonstrates notable encephalization, with humans having the largest brain relative to body size.

Evolution of the Human Brain and Behavior (Part 1)

• Humans belong to the Primate order, sharing a common ancestor with chimpanzees.

• Evolutionary milestones in hominid history since 5 million years ago.

Evolution of the Human Brain and Behavior (Part 2)

• Chart detailing the primate lineage evolution.

Evolution of the Human Brain and Behavior (Part 3)

• Evolutionary characteristics of early humans like Australopithecus and Homo sapiens.

Evolution of the Human Brain and Behavior (Part 4)

• Brain size development in the human lineage.

Evolution of the Human Brain and Behavior (Part 5)

• Development of early humans:

  • Homo habilis and Homo erectus with advancement in tool-making.

Evolution of the Human Brain and Behavior (Part 6)

• EQ (Encephalization Quotient) metric for comparing brain sizes across species.

Evolution of the Human Brain and Behavior (Part 7)

• Analyzing neuron counts across species to understand brain complexity and behavior.

Evolution of the Human Brain and Behavior (Part 8)

• Discusses connections formed by the increase in neuron numbers.

Evolution of the Human Brain and Behavior (Part 9)

• Climate change effects on hominid brain development and cultural emergence.

Evolution of the Human Brain and Behavior (Part 10)

• Physiological changes linked to dietary shifts due to cooking.

Evolution of the Human Brain and Behavior (Part 11)

• Exploration of the human genome and related gene mutations impacting brain size.