Non-State Institutions

Non-State Institutions and Their Impact

Overview of State Debts

• All states have debts classified into external or public debts.

• Example: Philippines' external debt dropped from approximately USD 70 billion in 2013 to USD 67 billion but rose again to nearly USD 78 billion by early 2016.

• Raises questions about the sources of such debt and the entities lending to states.

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Definition of Non-State Institutions

• Non-state institutions participate in international relations without being part of established state institutions.

• Key Examples:

  • World Bank: Provides monetary loans to states.

  • International Monetary Fund (IMF): Influences global monetary cooperation.

Categories of Non-State Institutions

• International Organizations: Aim to unite different states for the common good.

• Transnational Organizations: Transgress borders to connect people and groups for specific goals.

• Development Agencies: Provide development assistance and link various states to enhance international cooperation.

The Role of the United Nations (UN)

• Established in 1945 post-World War II to foster peace.

• Composed of 193 member states and over 40 specialized agencies.

• Addresses global issues such as:

  • Peace and security

  • Climate change

  • Human rights

  • Sustainable development goals (SDGs) by 2030.

Specialized UN Agencies

• United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO): Promotes peace through education, science, culture, focusing on human rights.

• United Nations Development Programme (UNDP): Aims to eradicate poverty and build resilience among developing countries; focuses on sustainable development, democratic governance, and disaster resilience.

• United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF): Provides emergency humanitarian assistance to children in need, especially in developing nations.

Functioning of the World Bank and IMF

• World Bank (1944): Supports post-war reconstruction and poverty alleviation; composed of five institutions including IBRD and IDA, and focuses on providing financial and technical assistance to developing countries in various sectors like education and healthcare.

• International Monetary Fund (IMF): Established in 1945, aims at global monetary cooperation, ensures financial stability, assists countries with balance of payment issues, and includes 188 member states.

Economic Institutions in Global Context

• World Trade Organization (WTO): Established in 1995 to oversee trade rules among nations and promote free trade.

• Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB): Established as an alternative to the IMF and World Bank to address Asian countries' infrastructure needs.

Multinational Corporations (MNCs)

• Globally oriented companies that aggressively expand their operations and can play a significant role in economies by taking over national companies.

Transnational Advocacy Groups (TAGs)

• Composed of activists promoting centralized principles and values.

• Examples:

  • Greenpeace: Focuses on environmental protection.

  • Oxfam International: Aids victims of famine and disaster, established in response to WWII crises.

  • Amnesty International (AI): Fights for human rights and justice founded by Peter Benenson in 1961.

Local Organizations

• Cooperatives: Nonprofit organizations providing services to members, fostering economic and social development.

• Trade/Labor Unions: Protect workers' rights and promote welfare, functioning as advocates for workers' interests.