WHAP Unit 6: New Imperialism 1750 - 1900

⭐Ideologies that motivated the 2nd wave of imperialism:

I) Nationalism

II) Scientific Racism

III) Social Darwinism

IIII) Civilizing Mission

a sense of duty western (Ind) societies possessed to bring the glories of their civilizations to “lower” societies (e.g, sending Christian missionaries, imposition of western style edu)

Methods used by states to expand their power into various places around the world:

1) Priv. state control

Congo Free State: priv. colony held by King Leopold II. Said he would spread civilization, end slave trade, but that was js a cover up for the exploitation of AF ppl and their raw materials like rubber

2) Diplomacy and Warfare in AF

What does Diplomacy mean? → act of political agreements by means of dialogue and negotiation, not warfare

Berlin Conference: a meeting held in 1884-1885 among European powers to establish rules for the partitioning of Africa, resulting in the scramble for African territory without African representation. Led to the drawing borders in AF that divided previously united ethnic groups and brought tg rival ethnic groups
France in Algeria

3) Settler Colonies

4) Conquering Neighboring Territories

Motivations of Imperialism:

Modern Imp
Modern Colonialism
- Econ Motives for Imp: overseas colonies → good sources for raw materials

Tech used for EU, American and JP Colonization:

Relationship of Brit and IN → 1750 - 1900

British East India Company: Brit joint stock comp, state in IN, had armed forces, trade port center

there the Brits took advantage of Mughal weakness, embarked on outright conquest of IN and had later, abolished East India Comp in favor of direct rule of India by Brit govt
- IN Rebellion (Sepoy mutiny): discontent w/ Brit, anti-British revo, war of Indp against Brit rule, regained control by retribution killed thousands
but the British did transform India, by establishing railroads, telegraph ntwrks, and ENG style schools
from cotton manufacturer to supplier of raw cotton and consumer of Brit textiles
The Indian National Congress: reform group for edu Indian’s to share their opinions on public issues w/ colonial officials

Imp in Central and Southeast AS

French Indochina: consisted of the states of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, which were annexed by France in the late 19th century, leading to significant cultural and economic changes in the region

The Scramble for Africa: where Europeans tried to colonize as much of Africa as possible

South AF: boers, which were EU settlers, had came to Cape Town for farming and ranching (later know as Afrikaners). Discovery of diamonds and gold formed tensions btwn Brit and Afrikaners → led to South African War, Brit won and put women and children in concentration camps

Policy of Imp Nations in Oceania

Treaty of Waitangi → designed to place NZ under Brit protection, Brit forced Maori ppl into poor rural communities

Dev of the U.S

The Monroe Doctrine: U.s pres Monroe warned EU’S to keep their hands off Latin America, Monroe claimed all of the Americas

Spanish Cuban American War: This conflict arose from U.S. intervention in Cuba's fight for independence from Spain, resulting in the U.S. acquiring territories like Puerto Rico and Guam
The Panama Canal: strengthened U.S military and econ claims

Dev of JP into a Colonizing, Imp Power

The Sino - JP War: Qing authorities granted Indp of KR and gave up Taiwan
The Russo - JP War: JP defeated RU, RU gave up a railroad and econ interests in S. Manchuria

Scientific Racism:

justified racism by scientific ways, divided in 4 racial groups