AP Psych Unit 5 - Mental and Physical Health (Quizlet)

Health Psychology: Examines how mental and behavioral factors influence physical well-being. This field explores the intricate relationship between stress, lifestyle choices, and health outcomes.

Eustress: Motivating, positive stress that energizes and focuses. Includes challenges that push you out of your comfort zone and help you grow.

Distress: Debilitating, negative stress that overwhelms and hinders. Includes traumatic experiences or constant daily hassles that wear you down.

Adverse Childhood Experiences: Stressful or traumatic events in childhood with lifelong impact. Includes abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction.

General Adaptation Syndrome: Describes the process of experiencing stress in three stages: alarm reaction, resistance phase, and exhaustion phase.

Tend-and-Befriend Theory: Proposes some people, mostly women, react to stress by tending to their own and others' needs.

Problem-Focused Coping: Sees stress as a problem to be solved through active efforts by identifying the source of stress and working towards solutions.

Emotion-Focused Coping: Manages emotional reactions to stress as a means of coping and aims to reduce the negative feelings associated with stress.

Positive Psychology: Focuses on factors that contribute to individual and societal thriving. It emphasizes positive emotions, resilience, and psychological health.

Signature Strengths: An individual's core virtues or positive traits that are central to their identity and contribute to their optimal functioning.

Posttraumatic Growth: Refers to the positive psychological changes experienced as a result of struggling with highly challenging life circumstances or traumatic events.

Biopsychosocial Model: Recognizes that psychological problems often involve a complex interplay of biological, psychological and sociocultural factors.

Diathesis-Stress Model: Proposes that the diathesis-stress model proposes that psychological disorders emerge when an individual with a genetic vulnerability.

Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A group of disorders that first appear during the developmental period and may impact a person's behavior, cognition, or social skills.

Attention-Deficit Disorder: Disorder characterized by inattention, distractibility, and disorganization without significant hyperactivity.

Autism Spectrum Disorder: Disorder that affects communication, social interaction, and behavior, with symptoms varying in severity.

Schizophrenic Disorders: Characterized by disturbances in one or more of these five areas: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking/speech, disorganized motor behavior, and negative symptoms.

Delusions: False beliefs that may manifest as persecutory, believing others are our to harm you, or grandiose, believing you have special powers.

Hallucinations: False perceptions involving any of the senses, such as hearing voices or seeing things that aren't there.

Disorganized Thinking: May present as a "word salad" where the individual strings together nonsensical words or phrases.

Disorganized Motor Behavior: Can range from catatonic excitement, excessive, purposeless movement, to cationic stupor, lack of movement or responsiveness.

Negative Symptoms: The absence of typical behaviors, such as flat affect, or the lack of emotion, and avolition, or the lack of motivation.

Depressive Disorders: Involve persistent, sad, empty, or irritable moods accompanied by physical and cognitive changes that impair daily functioning.

Major Depressive Disorder: Disorder marked by persistent feelings of sadness, loss of interest, and other emotional and physical symptoms that interfere with daily life.

Persistent Depressive Disorder: Chronic form of depression with long-lasting symptoms of low mood and energy lasting for at least two years but typically not too severe.

Bipolar Disorders: Involve alternating periods of mania, or elevated/irritable moods, and depression.

Bipolar I Disorder: Type of disorder that involves full manic episodes.

Bipolar II Disorder: Type of disorder that involves hypomania, or less severe manic symptoms.

Anxiety Disorders: Involves excessive fear or anxiety that significantly impairs daily functioning.

Specific Phobia: An intense, irrational fear of a specific object or situation that leads to avoidance behavior.

Agoraphobia: Fear of being in situations where escape might be difficult or help unavailable. Could include public transportation, open spaces, and crowds.

Panic Disorde: Involves recurrent, unexpected panic attacks with physical and cognitive symptoms of intense fear.

Social Anxiety Disorder: Fear of social situations where one might be judged or scrutinized by others.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Persistent, excessive worry about various aspects of life.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders: Characterized by the presence of obsessions, or intrusive/unwanted thoughts, and compulsions, or repetitive behaviors or mental acts aimed at reducing anxiety.

Obsessions: Persistent, upsetting, and unwanted thoughts that interfere with daily life and may lead to compulsive behavior.

Compulsions: Repetitive behaviors that interfere with daily functioning but are performed in an effort to prevent dangers or events associated with obsessions.

OCD: Involves both obsessions and compulsions that are time-consuming and cause significant distress or impairment.

Dissociative Disorders: Involve disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, motor control, or behavior.

Dissociative Amnesia: Inability to recall important personal information, often related to a stressful or traumatic event.

Dissociative Fugue: Involves amnesia accompanied by unexpected travel or wandering and confusion about one's identity.

Dissociative Identity Disorder: Formerly known as multiple personality disorder; characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states or identities.

Somatoform Disorders: Psychological disorders where physical symptoms occur without a medical cause, often linked to stress or anxiety.

Conversion Disorder: A condition where psychological stress manifests as neurological symptoms (e.g., paralysis, blindness) without a medical explanation.

Illness Anxiety Disorder: Excessive worry about having or developing a serious illness, despite minimal or no medical evidence.

Malingering Disorders: The intentional faking or exaggeration of illness for personal gain, such as avoiding work or obtaining financial benefits.

Cyclothymic Disorder: A mood disorder involving chronic mood swings between mild depressive and hypomanic episodes, lasting at least two years.

Trauma Disorder: Involve psychological distress following exposure to a traumatic or stressful event.

PTSD: The primary trauma disorder; includes intrusive memories, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, negative changes in mood, and hyperarousal.

Eating Disorders: Characterized by persistent disturbances in eating behaviors and related thoughts and emotions.

Anorexia Nervosa: Involves restriction of food intake, intense fear of weight gain, and distorted body image.

Bulimia Nervosa: Involves recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors such as purging and excessive exercise.

Body-Dysmorphic Disorder: An obsessive-compulsive disorder characterized by intense distress over imagined abnormalities of the skin, hair, and face.

Psychotropic Medications: Drugs that can affect mental states and behaviors.

Decentralized Treatment; Involves providing care in community-based settings rather than large institutions; is now the preferred approach for treating psychological disorders.

Combination Therapy: Using both medication and psychological therapies; often more effective than either approach alone.

Nonmaleficence: Avoiding actions that could harm clients.

Fidelity: Being loyal, truthful, and keeping promises to clients.

Integrity: Promoting accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness in the practice of psychology.

Respect for Rights & Dignity: Recognizing the inherent worth or all individuals and their right to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination.

Free Association: Encourages clients to openly share thoughts, feelings, and experiences without censorship, helping to uncover unconscious conflicts.

Dream Interpretation: Analyzes the symbolic content of dreams to gain insight into the client's unconscious mind and underlying issues.

Dialectical Behavior Therapy: Combines cognitive and behavioral techniques to help clients regulate emotions, tolerate distress, and improve interpersonal relationships.

REBT: Also known as rational-emotive behavior therapy; focuses on identifying and challenging irrational beliefs that contribute to emotional distress and maladaptive behaviors.

TMS: Uses magnetic fields to stimulate or inhibit brain activity in specific regions, showing promise in treating depression and other mental health conditions.

ECT: Involves inducing controlled seizures through electrical stimulation of the brain, primarily used to treat severe, treatment-resistant depression.

Lobotomy: A controversial and rarely used procedure that severs connections in the prefrontal cortex. Was once widely performed to treat mental illnesses but has since been abandoned.