Unit 9 Motivation and Emotion

Types of Motivation

Need to meet realistic goals
Receive feedback and experience a sense of accomplishment
Focusing on the ends, not the meets
- What to be there so bad, they don’t know how to get there
Tend to set goals that challenge oneself but still achieveable
- Since the motivating factor is getting to the end, and if they don’t get there, they are defeated
Get things done

Drive to relate to people on a social basis
Cooperation-based more than goal-based
Process-driven
- Worried about how a group will work together to complete a goal
- Or who can help them to complete a personal goal
Predispositioned towards teamwork and collaborative work
The process of building relationships can feel intrinsically good
When one is not focused on the goal, they may lose sight of it
Not always as driven for the end product

Motivated by the idea of being able to do something well
May be competitive, or challenging ideas of what they “can’t do”
May try to surmount goals they can’t achieve
Wanting to feel capable
- Mastery
- Getting good at something because it feels good to be good
More driven because its for personal proof of capability
Can get very upset when they can’t do something

Want to influence others and being in charge
Not inherently a bad thing but can lead to bad qualities
- May go to great lengths to achieve this power
- Power often isn’t established peacefully
Can be great leaders… but can also be horrible ones to stay in power

Motivated by their beliefs and act those morals into the world
Emotionally driven but also cognitive
Can be good when someone is driven by their noble morals and want to inject that into their community
- But not so good when their morals are bad
Blind to other ideas

Biologically wired for this to be a motivator
Motivated by a threat present
- Fight or flight
Preserves survival
Can also rear its head when there is no real threat
- Can get in the way of cognition
Increase in anxiety disorders lately
Long term impacts of prolonged state of fear

Motivation is the result of biological, genetic programming
Fear
- Helps you survive
Food
- Why a spider spins a web and knows how to do it from hatching
Maternal instinct
- Perhaps?
- An instinct after they have given birth
- Breastfeeding
- The hormones that make babies cute to their parents

Physiological equilibrium
Homeostasis
- When the body needs food, it makes you feel hunger
- You eat to reduce the hunger (reduce the drive)
Negative reinforcement
- Taking the balance away to strengthen eating, sleeping, drinking, etc.
Note: About balancing physical needs

Optimal state of emotion, intellectual, and physical activity
The best state for the situation
The physical preparation/process of reaching that best state
- This can then influence the emotional state

The methodology behind why incentives work
Motivates because of a good reward and how it affects the person
Extrinsic motivations
- Fun, money, grades, career, praise
- Theory X believes that people are inherently lazy and that they need to be motivated with extrinsic items to work
Intrinsic motivations
- Achievement, curiosity, interest
- Theory Y believes that people like to work, but they need to find the right intrinsic motivator
Both work but intrinsic motivators are stronger long-term
- Also leads to better gratification after achieving

When two cognitions (thoughts) conflict, we are motivated to resolve the incongruence
People are driven to act in order to reduce tension due to competing thoughts
We tend to do what people before us have done/are doing
- Path of least resistance
- Afterward we rationalize our choice
Effort Justification is feeling disproportionate value based on effort level
- The smaller the incentive, the bigger the self-deception
Overjustification effect is when extrinsic awards affect intrinsic ones
- When we over emphasize that extrinsic things are supposed to be very valuable to us, we deny intrinsic motivations and end up feeling bad about giving in to the extrinsic ones
- Feeling bad about working for money instead of pursuing interests
- Hm… sounds like a perfect recipe for a perpetually unhappy and miserable society (its capitalism)

From most basic and obtainable to most complex and difficult to achieve
- Physiological needs like air, food, water, sleep, sex
- Safety and security
- Love and belonging
- Esteem and self-esteem
- Self-actualization
- You cannot grow until you have reached this stage
People are driven to meet needs in successive order
- Needs will not be met until the tier below is fulfilled

Paul Eckman is the biggest name in terms of microexpressions and is the human lie detector
We have six to seven biologically wired expressions that we can recognize across cultures and times
- We are wired to make them and understand them

The body has a reaction first
The body’s reaction tells the mind to cognitively react with an emotion
Got criticism because emotions are more complex than hearts racing and body temperatures rising

Many universal, biological expressions
States that expressions are autonomic expressions
Proposes that the emotion is plastered upon the face first, which tells the brain to be scared/angry/etc.

The unconscious and body react separately
- Doesn’t matter in what order
Between our perception of the situation and bodily reaction, we can emote appropriately

How to manage and react to emotions from oneself or others
Stanford Marshmallow Experiment
- 4-6 yo kids, who have next to no impulse control
- Left alone with a marshmallow, if you can wait 15m you can have two
- Can they control the emotional urge to eat it? (no.)
- The kids who waited met success markers
- Basically people who can control their impulses/delay gratification are the most successful
Catharsis is fake news
- Exercise is cool though
happiness perceive the world as safer
- Able to make decisions easier
- more cooperative
- rate job applicants better
- live healthier, energized, satisfied
subjective well-being