Nutrition Week 13

Absolutely! Here's a set of flashcards created strictly from the info in your notes, organized into manageable categories for easier studying.

🍼 Infancy & Pregnancy (Ch. 28)

Q: What is the main cause of infant mortality in the U.S.?
A: Low birthweight (<5.5 lbs) and preterm births (before 37 weeks)

Q: Which groups have the highest infant mortality rates?
A: Black, Pacific Islander, American Indian, and Alaska Native infants

Q: What are the ideal birth characteristics for infant survival?
A: Born at or after 37 weeks and weigh 5 lb 8 oz to 8 lb 13 oz

Q: What is fetal programming?
A: Adaptations to environmental exposures that may influence gene function and increase risk of diseases

Q: What is the best indicator of a newborn’s health?
A: Birth weight

Q: Factors influencing birth weight?
A: Mother's pre-pregnancy size, weight gain, pregnancy duration, prenatal care, maternal age and health, substance use

Q: What contributes to pregnancy weight gain?
A:

• 12 lbs: blood volume, uterus, breasts

• 12 lbs: fetus, placenta, amniotic fluid

• 8–9 lbs: fat stores

Q: How much weight is typically lost one week postpartum?
A: 15 lbs

Q: Caloric needs during pregnancy?
A:

• 2nd trimester: +340 kcal/day

• 3rd trimester: +450 kcal/day

Q: Increased protein needs during which trimesters?
A: 2nd and 3rd (additional 25g/day)

🥗 Micronutrients in Pregnancy

Q: Why is folate important in pregnancy?
A: Needed for DNA synthesis; deficiency linked to neural tube defects

Q: How much folate is recommended daily during pregnancy?
A: 600 mcg

Q: When are calcium needs highest?
A: 3rd trimester

Q: Recommended daily vitamin D intake in pregnancy?
A: 600 IU

Q: Most common nutrient deficiency in pregnant women in the U.S.?
A: Iron

Q: Key nutrients for fetal brain development?
A: Omega-3s (EPA and DHA), choline

Q: Safe caffeine intake during pregnancy?
A: <200 mg/day (avoid energy drinks)

Q: Foods/substances to avoid or be cautious with during pregnancy?
A: Alcohol, foodborne illness risks, vitamin A, nonnutritive sweeteners, excess caffeine

🍼 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)

Q: What causes FASD?
A: Fetal exposure to alcohol

Q: Symptoms of FASD?
A:

• Low birth weight

• Facial abnormalities

• Hyperactivity, attention and learning issues

• Organ problems

• Lower IQ

Q: Prevalence of FASD in school-age kids?
A: 1–5%

🤱 Breastfeeding & Infant Nutrition

Q: Why is breast milk recommended for the first 4–6 months?
A: Tailored nutrients, immune support, adapts to infant’s needs

Q: Alternatives to direct breastfeeding?
A: Pumping, milk banks, formula

Q: Caloric need for milk production?
A: +500 kcal/day

Q: Does under-eating affect breastmilk?
A: Reduces quantity, not quality

👶 Infant Growth (First 2 Years)

Q: Growth milestones:

• 4 months:
  A: Double birth weight

• 1 year:
  A: Triple weight, 50% length increase

• 2 years:
  A: Growth rate slows

Q: Critical brain development window?
A: First 1,000 days

Q: Foods of concern for infants?
A: Allergens, choking hazards, honey, cow’s milk, low-fat foods, added sugars

🧒 Childhood Nutrition (Ch. 29)

Q: Typical growth in children (2–10 yrs)?
A: 5 lbs/year, 2–3 inches/year

Q: When does appetite increase in children?
A: During growth spurts

Q: Purpose of CDC growth charts?
A: Assess weight, height, BMI compared to age peers

Q: BMI classifications in children?
A:

• Overweight: ≥85th–<95th percentile

• Obese: ≥95th percentile

• Severe obesity: ≥120th percentile

Q: Limitations of BMI for kids?
A: Better to monitor growth curves

🧑‍⚕ Adolescence & Nutritional Concerns

Q: Adolescent growth spurt ages?
A:

• Girls: 9–12

• Boys: 12–14

Q: Growth during adolescent spurt?
A:

• 50% adult weight

• 20–25% adult height

• 40% bone mass

Q: U.S. child diets tend to be...?
A: High in energy-dense, low in nutrient-dense foods

Q: Common nutrient deficiencies in U.S. kids?
A: Fiber, vitamin D, E, calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron (in females)

Q: Diet-related concerns in kids/teens?
A:

• Dental issues

• Type 2 diabetes

• Obesity

• Early heart disease

Q: Nutrition strategies for schools?
A:

• Increase nutrient-dense foods

• Limit sugary, salty, fatty foods

• Promote physical activity

• Non-food rewards

• Wellness programs