Nur 113 Unit 1 Test Study Guide

Page 1: Safer Sex Practices

• Safer Sex Guidelines

  • The ONLY safe sex is NO sex

  • Reduce the number of sexual partners

  • Avoid unprotected sex; always use latex condoms

    • Applies to vaginal, oral, and anal sex

• Use of Lubricants

  • Always use latex condoms when engaging in sexual activity

  • Lubrication with nonoxynol-9 is recommended

    • Prevents condom breakage and offers extra protection

  • Avoid oil-based lubricants; they can degrade condoms

  • Water-based lubricants are acceptable but do not enhance protection against STIs

• Contraceptives and STIs

  • Oral contraceptives do NOT prevent STDs/STIs

  • HIV testing is important for new relationships:

    • HIV positive result can take up to 6 months to show

    • Recommend abstinence for the first 6 months of a new relationship

• Risks during Anal/Oral Sex

  • Anal/Oral sex can cause the fragile skin to break and may allow STIs to enter the bloodstream

  • Avoid unprotected sexual activity if HIV positive

    • Must inform partners and avoid donating blood, plasma, and sperm

    • Women should not become pregnant

Page 2: Addressing Dating Violence

• Understanding Inappropriate Behavioral Reasons

  • Factors include fear/anxiety, unmet intimacy needs, misinterpretation, and a need for control or attention

  • Neurological impairments may also contribute to misunderstandings

• Dating Violence Overview

  • Primarily directed at females leading to various risk behaviors, including attempted suicide and substance use

  • Perpetrator Characteristics:

    • Controlling or possessive mannerisms, typically isolate partners

• Physical and Emotional Abuse

  • Intimate partner violence (IPV) encapsulates physical, emotional abuse, and sexual assault without explicit consent

  • Involves isolation and the control of significant aspects of life such as finances and shelter

Page 3: Antepartum Study Guide

• Antepartum Definition

  • The period before birth, from conception until 24 weeks gestation

• Pregnancy Timeline

  • Full term is considered 40 weeks; stages include egg, zygote, blastocyst, embryo, fetus, and newborn

• Confirmation of Pregnancy

  • Confirmed through ultrasound, fetal heart tones, or fetal movements felt by an examiner

• Maternal Risk Factors

  • Include infections, environmental risks, and age-related risks (Advanced Maternal Age = 35+ years)

• Menstrual Cycle and Conception

  • Menstruation (Days 1-7): Least fertile time

  • Ovulation (Days 10-14): Highest chances of conception; intercourse 72 hours before/after ovulation may lead to conception

• Pregnancy Signs

  • Presumptive signs: amenorrhea, fatigue, nausea/vomiting, breast tenderness, urinary frequency

  • Probable signs: positive pregnancy test, uterine enlargement, abnormal physical signs (Hegar’s, Chadwick’s, Goodell’s)

Page 4: Calculating Due Date & GPTPAL

• Calculating Due Date

  • Naegele’s Rule: First day of last menstrual period + 7 days - 3 months

• GPTPAL (Gravida, Parity)

  • Gravida (G): Total number of pregnancies

  • Parity (P): Births after 20 weeks

    • T (Term): Deliveries after 37 weeks

    • P (Preterm): Births after 20 weeks but before 37 weeks

    • A (Abortions): Includes spontaneous, therapeutic, elective loss

    • L (Living Children): Number of living children

Page 5: Frequently Ordered Labs During Pregnancy

• Common Labs

  • Pregnancy Test (urine/blood)

  • Blood Type and Rh Factor

  • Complete Blood Count (CBC)

  • Pap Smear

  • Urinalysis

  • Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)

  • Genetic Screening (e.g., cystic fibrosis, sickle cell)

• Pregnancy Screening

  • Important for monitoring health through blood tests and infections diagnosis

  • Manage conditions like anemia and congenital risks

Page 6: Dietary Considerations in Pregnancy

• Safe Diet

  • Fish low in mercury is safe (Salmon, Trout, Cod, Shrimp)

  • Prenatal vitamin intake recommended

• Unsafe Food

  • High mercury fish (e.g., King Mackerel, Shark)

  • Raw fish/sushi, deli meats, unpasteurized dairy, soft cheeses

Page 7: Fetal Development Stages

• Development Milestones

  • Weeks 5-19: Major organs and systems begin developing; heart beat detectable by ultrasound by week 6-7

  • Post week 10: Brain, lungs, and body systems continue to mature

  • Week 19-21: Development of reflexes and swallowing abilities

  • Week 30: Increased fat storage and muscle development nearing term

Page 8: Fetal Heart Rate and Circulation

• Fetal Heart Rate

  • Normal fetal heart rate is twice that of maternal heart rate

  • Slows down as the fetus matures: 160-170 bpm in 1st trimester to 110-160 bpm at term

• Fetal Circulation

  • Must bypass lungs; Foramen Ovale and Ductus Arteriosus must remain open in utero and close post-birth

Page 9: Maternal Changes in Physiology at Antepartum

• Physiological Changes

  • Significant increases in blood volume and RBC production to support fetal growth

  • Respiratory and cardiovascular adaptations to increased oxygen demand

  • Urinary changes include increased frequency and altered bladder capacity

• Psychological Aspects

  • Emotional fluctuations and body image considerations during pregnancy

Page 10: Prenatal Medications

• Required Medications

  • Prenatal with Folic Acid, Iron, and other essential vitamins like calcium and vitamin D

• Preterm Labor Medications

  • Indomethacin, Terbutaline, Magnesium Sulfate for management of preterm contractions

Page 11: Substance Abuse in Pregnancy

• Substances of Concern

  • Nicotine, alcohol, and marijuana are the most common; must screen and provide education on risks

• Teratogens

  • Include chemicals and medications that can harm fetal development

Page 12: Substance Effects on Infants

• Withdrawal Symptoms in Newborns

  • CNS, GI, autonomic, and cutaneous symptoms observed post-birth due to maternal substance use

• Caffeine, Alcohol, and Nicotine

  • Risks include SIDS, low birth weight, and developmental issues

Page 13: Effects of Opioids and Methamphetamines

• Opioids

  • Risks include anomalies, withdrawal symptoms in infants, and neurodevelopmental concerns

• Risks from Stimulant Use

  • Can lead to low birth weights and neonate withdrawal symptoms

Page 14: Managing Newborn Withdrawal and NAS

• Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome

  • Characterized by hyperactivity, irritability, feeding issues, and may persist for weeks post-delivery

  • Treatment involves supportive care and pharmacologic intervention in severe cases

Page 15: Screening for Substance Abuse

• T-ACE Questionnaire

  • Used to assess potential risk factors associated with substance abuse in expecting mothers

Page 16: Effective Communication Techniques

• Modes of Communication

  • Includes verbal, nonverbal, electronic, and written forms

• Communicator Types

  • Aggressive, passive, and assertive communicators; focus on assertive communication is key in healthcare settings

• Assessment and Intervention

  • Assessment includes understanding cognitive and sensory barriers, with careful planning of nursing diagnoses and interventions

Page 17: Nursing Process in Communication

• Evaluation of Communication Outcome

  • Continuous observation of nonverbal cues is essential in determining the effectiveness of communication interventions.

Page 18: Contraception Overview

• Backup Methods

  • Includes combination of condoms, foam, and diaphragm for extra protection

• Fertility Awareness Methods

  • Natural family planning methods accepted by specific faiths

Page 19: Vaginal Spermicides and Barrier Devices

• Vaginal Spermicides

  • Variants include foam and suppositories; nonoxynol-9 is common but carries risks of irritation

• Barrier Methods

  • Male condoms, cervical caps, and diaphragms must be fitted and managed correctly

Page 20: IUDs and Hormonal Methods

• Hormonal IUDs and Copper IUDs

  • Both effective methods with distinct mechanisms for preventing pregnancy

• Education Required

  • Importance of monitoring for side effects and maintaining awareness about their effective usage

Page 21: Aches with Oral Contraceptives

• ACHES Warning

  • Symptoms indicating possible severe complications from combined oral contraceptives

• Sterilization Options

  • Various methods available for permanent prevention of pregnancy in both genders

Page 22: Family-Centered Care in Home Management

• Patient and Family Needs

  • Essential to provide resources and education for managing complex health care needs within family contexts

  • Emphasizes the importance of involving family dynamics in care planning and implementation

Page 23: Care Coordination Concepts

• Importance of Lifestyle Knowledge

  • Understanding patient's family life, habits, and values is vital for effective care coordination

Page 24: Menopause Overview

• Menopause Definition

  • Permanent cessation of menses; clinical manifestations include hot flashes, insomnia, vaginal changes, and increased cardiovascular risks

Page 25: Managing Menstrual Dysfunction

• Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding Types

  • Conditions requiring medical evaluation, including amenorrhea and menorrhagia, often signaling hormonal imbalances

Page 26: Diagnosis and Treatment of Menstrual Issues

• Diagnostic Testing

  • Includes pelvic exams, ultrasounds, and blood testing for hormone levels to address menstrual dysfunction

Page 27: Self-Care and Management Strategies

• Recommendations for Pain Management

  • Effective strategies for reducing menstrual discomfort and promoting overall well-being, including self-care practices

Page 28: STD/STI Overview

• Common STDs and their Transmission

  • Types discussed include syphilis, gonorrhea, and the implications of both biological and social factors in their prevalence

Page 29: Genital Herpes and Treatment Options

• Symptoms and Management

  • Genital herpes management focuses on mitigating outbreaks and providing symptomatic relief through antiviral medications

Page 30: Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Treatments

• Investigation and Treatment Protocol

  • Highlights the need for screening and effective treatment modalities, including guidelines for managing these infections

Page 31: HPV Focus and Management

• Vaccination and Risks

  • Emphasizes the importance of HPV vaccination in preventing cervical cancer and sexually transmitted diseases.