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Life and Works of Rizal
GE 9:
Life and Works of Dr. Jose P. Rizal
Why do we need to study the life and works of Dr. Jose Rizal?
As mandated by Republic Act 1425, this course covers the life and works of the country’s national hero, Jose Rizal.
Dr. Jose Rizal, the greatest Philippine National Hero who is also the Father of Asian Nationalism, is a splendid genius, the forerunner of nationalism and patriotism.
As a hero he is our icon, a model worth emulating; thus, it is just proper to know him by studying his life and the works that brought him to such greatness and honor.
by studying his life and works, we are practicing the principles and value of nationalism and patriotism which are everyone’s concern. Because, a good citizen must be nationalistic and patriotic for communal welfare.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1425
THE RIZAL LAW
Every students has to learn the values of nationalism and patriotism through and from the life and works of our national hero.
Aims to establish cognizance among students on how the works of our national hero shaped the history of Philippines.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1425
AN ACT TO INCLUDE IN THE CURRICULA OF ALL PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS, COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES COURSES ON THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF JOSE RIZAL, PARTICULARLY HIS NOVELS NOLI ME TANGERE AND EL FILIBUSTERISMO, AUTHORIZING THE PRINTING AND DISTRIBUTION THEREOF, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1425
WHEREAS, today, more than any other period of our history, there is a need for a re-dedication to the ideals of freedom and nationalism for which our heroes lived and died;
WHEREAS, it is meet that in honoring them, particularly the national hero and patriot, Jose Rizal, we remember with special fondness and devotion their lives and works that have shaped the national character
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1425
WHEREAS, the life and works writing of Jose Rizal, particularly is novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibustirismo, are a constant and inspiring source of patriotism with which the minds of the youth, especially during their formative and decisive years in school, should be suffused;
WHEREAS, all educational institutions are under the supervision of, and subject to regulation by the State, and all schools are enjoined to develop moral character, personal discipline, civic conscience and to teach the duties of citizenship; Now, therefore,
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1425
SECTION 1:
Courses on the life, works and writing of Jose Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, shall be included in the curricula of all schools, colleges and universities, public or private: Provided, That in the collegiate courses, the original or unexpurgated editions of the NoliMe Tangere and El Filibustirismo or their English Translation shall be used as basic texts.
the Board of National Education is hereby authorized and directed to adopt forthwith the measures to implement and carry out the provisions of this Section, including the writing and printing of appropriate primers, readers and textbooks. The Board shall, within sixty (60)days from the effectivity of this Act, promulgate rules and regulations, including those of a disciplinary nature, to carry out and enforce the provisions of this Act. The Board shall promulgate rules and regulations providing for the exemption of students for reasons of religious belief stated in a sworn written statement, from the requirement of the provision contained in the second part of the first paragraph of this section; but not from taking the course provided for in the first part of said paragraph. Said rules and regulations shall take affect thirty (30) days after their publication in the Official Gazzete.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1425
SECTION 2:
It shall be obligatory on all schools, colleges anduniversities to keep in their libraries an adequate number of copies of the original and un expurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibustirismo, as well as of Rizal’s other works and biography. The said unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibustirismo or their translations in English as well as other writings of Rizal shall be included in the list of approved books for required reading in all public or private schools, colleges and universities.
The Board of National Education shall determine the adequacy of the number of the books, depending upon the enrollment of the school, colleges and universities.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1425
SECTION 3:
The Board of National Education shall caused the translations of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibustirismo, as well as other writings of Jose Rizal into English, Tagalog and other principal Philippine dialects; cause to be printed in cheap, popular editions; and cause them to be distributed, free of charge, to persons desiring to read them, through the Purok organizations and Barrio Councils throughout the country.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1425
SECTION 4:
Nothing in this Act shall be constructed as amendment or repealing section nine hundred twenty-seven of the Administrative Code, prohibiting the discussion of religious doctrines by public school teachers and other person engaged in any public school.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1425
SECTION 5:
The sum of three hundred thousand pesos is hereby authorized to be appropriated out of any fund not otherwise appropriated in the National Treasury to carry out the purposes of this Act.
SECTION 6:
This Act shall take upon its approval.
Approved: June 12, 1956
Published in Official Gazette, Vol. 52, No. 6, p.2971 in June 1956
Week 2:
GE 9:
Life and Works of Dr. Jose P. Rizal
The Nineteenth Century World and The Philippines
The World in Nineteenth Century
19th Century
The Philippines was still a colonies of Spain. South and Central America, Mexico, Chile, Argentina, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Honduras, and others.
Philippines remained under the power and control of Spain together with Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Spanish Sahara.
it is worthy to mention among the remaining colonies, Philippines is the largest, in as much as, it is rich in natural resources and has a great potential to strong a grand trade and commerce.
The French Revolution of 1789
- has culminated these bold attempts which became successful throughout 19th century.
ideas of the Philosophers Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Montesquieu, Jean Marie Arouet (Voltaire) and the English man John Locke have spread around the world and have influenced the mind of the people and their perception of the government and the state and its people.
The Representation and Political Reform
The fall of King Louis XVI
• Caused by the French Revolution has brought the institution of French republic, which later slid back to monarchism Napoleon Bonaparte established an empire.
Ventura de los Reyes
• The first representative to the Spanish Cortes for the Philippine colony.
• A Spanish born in the Philippines.
Ferdinand VII
• restored as rightful monarch.
• as his platform, he abolished the Cortes declaring that power and authority is limited to him alone and solely he defines them.
1820
• the Spanish people rose against and hostage the king and forced him to reconvene the Cortes and restore the representation of the colonies.
1833
• with the inevitable dictate of nature, Ferdinand VII died and eventually the Cortes was abolished.
• Representation were restored to the colonies except to the Philippines.
Queen Isabela II
• Daughter of Ferdinand VII.
• Whose rule was characterized by decadence and mismanagement.
The 19th Century Philippines
• while the Spain has restored King Ferdinand VII to absolute rule, in Ilocos, Philippines, the leading citizens called Kailanes, refused to believe that the Cadiz Contitution was abolished.
1826
• Mexican soldiers led by Lt. Andres Novales was mutinied.
• the sedition was due to complaints pertaining to discrimination and unfair treatment of (Spanish) peninsulares officials on account of the independence of Mexico from Spain.
• they rallied among Filipinos for support and in exchange will help for the independence of the Philippines as well.
• in the long run, they have failed and were eliminated by execution together with other rebels.
1841-1842
• series of revolts have taken place.
• Apolinario dela Cruz refused to separate from his religious organization, the Confradia de San Jose.
• De la Cruz aspired to become a priest but was denied by the Spaniards because of his race , an Indio.
• with his eagerness to serve the Church people, he initiated the foundation of Confradia.
•
Gobernadorcillo
Capitan municipal
Teniente
Cabeza
• are titles of privileged officials given to the native Filipino officers.
Principales
• This are recognized social structure where the officials are belonged.
• were exempted from taxation and community labor or prestacion personal.
• as regards with the economic status of the Philippines in 19th century, the Spanish monopolistic policy has hindered the Philippines to trade with other nation which we could trace back to the end of the Galleon Trade in 1815.
• in 1834, the mercantilists’ policy of not allowing the Philippines to trade with other countries was scraped and have opened Manila to world trading.
• This was followed by Iloilo in Visayas and later by Zamboanga in Mindanao.
• Demands for sugar, coffee, tobacco, abaca, dyestuff, and rice have elevated the trading.
• This has provided Filipinos opportunities to trade in the international market.
• The choice of education in the early 19th century was priesthood.
• many of those middle class families have sent their sons to seminaries in Manila.
• During the birth of our hero in 1861, equality was the utmost plea of these educated people.
• This influenced Rizal as he was, at his young age, became aware of the martyrdom of the GOMBURZA.
• Equality and political reform became his lifelong pursuit.
The Secularization, Mutiny, and Martyrdom
Augustinian, Recollects, Jesuits, Franciscans, and Dominicans
• these are the different religious orders done by the regular priest during the dawn of Spanish colonization in the Philippines.
• these religious orders came to the country as missionaries and have been ordered to implement the royal and papal orders of seculiraztion.
1767
• There was an expulsion of the Jesuits that created opportunities to some secular priests to occupy the parishes they vacated.
1858
• Jesuits are allowed to return, these parishes held by the secular priests were ordered to be held bask by the regulars once the incumbent dies.
Pedro Pablo Pelaez, Jacinto Zamora, Mariano Gomez, and Jose Burgos
• are Filipino Priests who enkindled the concerns about racial discrimination.
Fr. Pelaez
• Appealed to Queen Isabela II for ecclesiastical equality between Spanish regulars and Filipino seculars.
• Provided that these seculars belonged to several religious orders they were not easily suppressed and were treated with what was due according to their status in the society.
January 20, 1872
• about 200 Filipino soldiers and workmen under the leadership of Filipino Sergeant Lamadrid, rose into violent mutiny in Cavite.
• they were deprived of their usual privileges which included exemptions from tributes and forced labor by Gov. Gen. Rafael de Izquerdo.
Father Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora
• Leaders of the secularization movement of the Philippine parishes.
• were accused and pressed down to have inspired and magnified the mutiny into a revolt for Philippine Independence.
• February 17, 1872 morning they were executed as ordered by Gov. Gen. Izquerdo.
• Their martyrdom was mourned by patriotic Filipinos including the family of Rizal, especially Paciano whose teacher was Fr. Burgos.
Rizal, in his letter to Mariano Ponce, April 18, 1890
• “….without 1872 Rizal would be a Jesuit now and, instead of writing Noli Me Tangere, would have written the opposite. At the sight of those injustices and cruelties while still a child my imagination was awakened and I swore to devote myself to avenge one day so many victims and with this idea in mind I have been studying, and this can be read in all my works and writings God will someday give me an opportunity to carry out my promise.”
Jose P. Rizal dedicated his second novel, El Filibusterismo, to the three traitors to Spanish Church, to the martyrs: GOMBURZA.
WEEK 2
Philippine Social Structure in the 19th Century
Was seen Feudalistic
This was due to the existing conflict among the natives and the conquistadores.
It was best described as Master-Slave relationship where the Spaniards were the Masters and the Filipinos (indios) are slave.
Political System
The political structure of the Philippines was governed through the Ministries of the Colonies (Ministro de Ultramar, Madrid 1863).
It helped the Queen of Spain to manage the colonies including the Philippines.
It covered the executive, legislative, judicial, and religious power.
Central Government
Governor General- He held the highest position in the central government. Being appointed by the Spanish Monarch as representative, he administered the state and religious matters. Consequently, he exercised extensive powers.
Main Function:
1. Issue executive orders and proclamation and have supervision and disciplinary powers;
2. Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces; and
3. Responsible for all government and religious activities.
Provincial Government (Alcadias)
AlcadesMayores - the Civil governors, they led the provincial government.
Alcades en Ordinario - These included the mayor and vice-mayor. They served as administrator of the city government.
Gobernadorcillo - he was the Chief executive and chief judge of the town. Called as capitan by his constituents, he was elected every beginning of the year by a board made up of town principalia (citizens of high status) who were usually incumbent and former cabeza de barangay.
Cabeza de Barangay
managed and maintained the smallest unit, barangay or barrio, he was responsible in maintaining peace and order and in the collection of tribute and taxes in the barrio.
Guardia Civil and Cuadrelleros - were tasked to perform police jobs and maintain peace and order.
Alferez (Second Lieutenant) - usually a Spaniard, he led the police force/ guardia civil.
The Educational System
the Friars inevitably occupied a dominant position in the Philippine educational system for religion was the main subject in schools.
Fear of God was emphasized and obedience to the friars was instilled in the minds of the people.
Indios were constantly reminded that they had inferior intelligence and they were fit only for manual labor.
• these practices resulted in a lack of personal confidence and development of inferiority complex.
• The intellectual decadence was caused by an inadequate educational system imposed on the people.
• There was no systematic government supervision of school.
• The schools were free to administer their own curricula an prescribe the qualifications of their teacher.
• There was an over emphasis on religious matters. The teaching method was obsolete.
• The curriculum was limited
• Classroom facilities were very poor
• There was an absence of teaching materials such as books.
• Primary education was neglected
• Academic freedom was not observed
• Prejudice against Filipino in the schools of higher learning was rampant
• The friars controlled over the system.
Childhood Memories in Calamba, Laguna
The writings of Rizal recalling his birth and early years in Calamba, Laguna was wrote on his diary with the pen name P. Jacinto.
June 19, 1861(Calamba, Laguna)- the birth of a hero. It is said that the mother almost died during the delivery due to our hero’s bigger than usual size of head.
June 22, 1861 - at the aged of three days old Jose Rizal was baptized.
the celebrating priest was parish priest, Rufino Collantes, and the godfather was Fr. Pedro Casanas, a close friend of the family.
Fr. Collantes noted that the family must take good care of Jose for he was to become a great man.
Jose - Was chosen by Doña Teodora who was a devotee of Saint Joseph.
Aya ( Wet Nurse)- being sickly and frail the family hired a wet nurse. The imaginary tales told by the aya aroused in Rizal an enduring interest in legends and Folklore.
Devout Catholic Youth
at the age of three (3), Jose began to take part in family prayers; at the age of five (5), he could read haltingly the Spanish family Bible; and was ascribed to as manong Jose by the Hermanos and Hermanas Terceras.
First Sorrow - among the siblings, closest to Pepe was Concha. The latter died of sickness in 1865 when she was three (3) years old and Jose was Four (4) years old.
The Virgin of Antipolo - has been venerated by Filipinos, Spaniards and Chinese since Spanish colonial days. The month of May is the time of pilgrimage to her shrine. She is also called Our Lady of Peace and Good Voyage, the patron saint of travelers. One legend says her image was saved from the shipwreck by the crew of a ship that bore her from Acapulo to Manila years ago.
June 6, 1868
Casco - Is a Philippine river craft, made of wood, used for passengers and freight. The Catig is the vessel’s outriggers made of bamboo canes.
La Concordia - A well-known boarding school for girls. It was administered by the sisters of charity. was founded in 1868 by Margarita Roxas de Ayala, a wealthy Filipina, who gave her home called La Concordia in Sta. Ana, Manila to the school. has become a popular destination and its official name is Colegio dela Immaculada Conception.
Dalumbayan - old street was absorbed by the new avenue named for him- Rizal Avenue. Its name has been dropped since.
8 Dalumbayan, Sta. Cruz, Manila, 11 September 1878
Rizal Family: Mercado-Alonso Genealogy
• Jose Rizal was a mixture of racial origin.
• His vein was compounded with Eastern and Western blood.
• No wonder his gallantry, bearing, and charm made him socially inclined and , worth to mention, attractive among the ladies during his time.
From his Paternal Ancestry
Domingo Lamco - His great-great grandfather, was a Chinese immigrant from Fukien City, Changchow, who came to Manila about 1690.
converted to Christianity and married to Ines de la Rosa, a well to-do Chinese Christian in Manila.
1731 - he assumed the surname Mercado which means “market”; so appropriate, as he was a merchant. The couple then was blessed with a son named Francisco Mercado.
Francisco Mercado - resided in Biñan, Laguna and married a Chinese- Filipina, Cirila Bernacha. -Was elected governadorcillo.
-Was blessed with children and among them was Juan Mercado who married to Cirila Allejandro, who is also a Chinese- Filipino.
Juan Mercado - was also elected governadorcillo in Biñan
-they were blessed thirteen children among them was the youngest being Francisco Mercado, Jose Rizal’s father.
Maternal Side
it is said that Doña Teodora descended from the LakanDula, the last native king of Tondo.
Eugenio Ursua - (Rizal’s great-great grandfather), was a Japanese ancestry; married to Benigna.
the couple had a daughter named Regina who married toManuel de Quintos, a Filipino-Chinese lawyer from Pangasinan.
Brigida
the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Quintos, was married a prominent Spanish- Filipino mestizo from Biñan named Lorenzo Alberto Alonso.
the Alonso couple then blessed with children Narcisa, Teodora, Gregorio, Manuel, and Jose. Teodora was the mother of our hero.
• While studying Latin and Philosophy in College of San Jose in Manila, Don Francisco met and fell in love with Doña Teodora, who was then a student in the College of Sta. Rosa.
June 28, 1848
they decided to marry
And after which they have moved to Calamba where they did farming and business enterprise.
The couple had eleven children; 2 boys and 9 girls:
1. Saturnina - (1850-1913) they used to call her Neneng. Married to Manuel T. Hidalgo of Tanawan Batangas.
2. Paciano (1851-1930) - He became a revolutionary general during Philippine Revolution but retired as a farmer in Los Baños, Laguna. Though died a bachelor, he had two children (boy and girl) by his mistress Severina Decena.
3. Narcisa (1852-1939) - Her pet name was Sisa. She married Antonio Lopez, nephew of Leoncio Lopez, a school teacher of Morong.
4. Olimpia (1855-1887) - Ypia is what they used to call her. She married Silvestre Ubaldo who worked as telegraph operator in Manila.
5. Lucia (1857-1919) - She married Mariano Herbosa(nephew of Fr, Casanas) of Calamba who died of cholera in 1889 but was declined with Christian burial because he was a brother-in-law of Jose Rizal.
6. Maria (1859-1945) She was called Biang. She married Daniel Faustino Cruz of Biñan, Laguna.
7. Jose (1861-1896) His pet name is Pepe .Our National Hero.He had a son with Josephine Bracken named Francisco.
8. Conception (1859-1945) Concha died at the age of three.The first sorrow of Rizal.
9. Josefa (1865-1945) Panggoy was her pet name. she died an old maid at the age of 80.
10. Trinidad (1868-1951) Trining also died an old maid at the age of 83
11. Soledad (1870-1929) She is Choleng. She married to Pantaleon Quitero of Calamba.
Spare the rod and spoil the child”
Early Education: Intellectual Memoirs and Milestones from Calamba to Biñan
Quinque this word is derived from the name of the first maker of the lamp, Quinquet, a Frenchman. refers to petroleum lamp.
Globes they are appliances made of crystal in which were placed the vessels containing oil for lighting.
they are hung from the ceiling with iron chains.
Maestro Celestino
First tutor of Jose and later on replaced by Maestro Padua.
Leon Monroy
He was a former classmate of Don Francisco.
He taught Jose lessons in Spanish and Latin.
sadly, five months later he died and to aid the learning predicaments of Rizal, Don Francisco and Doña Teodora decided to send our hero to Biñan for formal schooling.
Advancing Learning in Biñan
Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz
first teacher of Rizal in his formal schooling.
June 1969 (Sunday)
With Paciano, Rizal left Calamba for his formal schooling.
• With kiss on the hands of is parents, and with a tearful parting from his sisters, Rizal bade goodbye .
• In Biñan, he stayed in the house of his aunt.
• It was difficult on the part of the young lad to leave and be left alone with his aunt family in Biñan. In his journal he wrote.
• Salcedo Street, No. 22 – Monday, 28 October 1878.
• Rizal’s schooling in Biñan was triumphant and has left a mark to some people in the town.
• He has to go back to Calamba where he stayed for a year and a half before getting matriculated to college in Manila.
Tio Manuel Jose’s uncle on the maternal side.
He taught the young Jose the art of wrestling which placed thelad in advantage against the bully.
• Rizal’s schooling in Biñan was triumphant and has left a mark to some people in town.
• He has go back to Calamba where he stayed for a year and half before getting matriculated to College in Manila.
WEEK 3
ACADEMIC PURSUITS AND JOURNEYS
Detention of Doña Teodora
Detention of Doña Teodora - A year and half after Rizal’s schooling in Biñan, he has to get matriculated for college in Manila.
June of 1872
✓ The family Mercado has experienced a tragedy.
✓ it was when Doña Teodora was arrested on the charge of attempting to poison the wife of Jose Alberto, her brother.
✓ The story behind the malicious charge was that Doña Teodora got involved between Jose Alberto and his wife on the issue of their divorce.
✓ Alberto was considered a rich Biñan Illustrado and travel to Europe for business.
• Suddenly, upon his arrival, he found out that his wife has left their home and children for another man.
• In rage because of the discovered infidelity, Jose Alberto planned to divorce his unfaithful wife.
• With the intervention of Doña Teodora, the problem was settled amicably.
• They lived together again as a couple for the sake of their children.
• Despite the clemency extended to the wife, it was discovered that the woman has associated and connived with a Spanish lieutenant of the Guardia Civil.
• She filed a case against Doña Teodora accusing the latter and her husband of attempting to poison her.
• This (arresting) lieutenant happened to have an ax to grind against the Rizal family, because at one-time Don Francisco refused to give him fodder for his horse.
• Taking the opportunity to avenge himself, he arrested Doña Teodora, with the help of Calamba’s governadorcillo, Antonio Vivencio del Rosario, a menial of the friars. These two ungrateful men had been frequent guests at the Rizal home.
• The pitiful mother of our hero was arrested and force to travel on foot from Calamba to Sta. Cruz Laguna (approx. 50kms.)
• She was imprisoned for two years and a half until the Supreme Court (Manila Royal Audiencia) acquitted her or the charged crime.
Academic Triumph in Ateneo Municipal
• During Rizal’s fruitful years in Biñan, Laguna, he was schooled according to the basic curriculum of his time, the four R’s: Reading, Writing, Arithmetic, and Religion.
• After which, he had to proceed to higher learning as a son of an illustrado couple in Calamba.
• EscuelaPia: Charity School, a school for boys in Manila which was established by the city government in 1817. In 1768, Jesuits returned to the Philippines and were given the management of the school . The name was changed to Ateneo Municipal, and later became the Ateneo de Manila.
• June 10, 1872: Rizal, accompanied by older brother, Paciano, set off to take the entrance examination at San Juan de Letran.
• After passing all the subjects (Christian doctrine, arithmetic, and Reading) he returned to Calamba to attend the town fiesta.
• Supposedly, our hero would attend college at San Juan de Letran.
• Don Francisco had reservations in his mind, hence urged Pepe to go to Ateneo Municipal instead, thinking that Paciano’senrolment at San Juan de Letran and his friendship with Ftaher Burgos (the martyr) might harm his son chances of getting real education.
• Nevertheless, the prying eyes of the Spanish officials might later link our hero to Paciano and to that alleged crimes of the three martyrs in February of the same year.
Rizal then matriculated at the Ateneo Municipal (EscuelaPia)
• At first, Fr. Magin Ferrando refused to admit him because he was late for registration and he was sickly and undersized for his age. However, Fr. Manuel Xeres Burgos interceded; hence, our hero became a student of Ateneo.
• Anticipating the suspicion of Spanish authorithies to the last name “Mercado”, as used by Paciano, our hero used the last name Rizal.
• Thus among the family, it was Jose who first used the name.
Rizal. The last name of Rizal Family was Mercado, which was adopted by Domingo Lamco in 1731. The surname Rizal was acquired as suggested by a Spanish alcalde mayor of Laguna. In Spanish the name means a field of wheat, cut while still green, sprout again. (Amb. Leon Ma. Guerrero)
• Taking the Bachelor of Arts degree, he then lived in a house at Caraballo St. in Sta. Cruz, Manila.
• It was owned by a certain Titay, a spinster, who owed the Rizal family Three hundred pesos. Rizal Has to stay in her house as a way to pay off the debt of the land lady.
• Meanwhile, the Jesuit educational system gave emphasis to rigid discipline, character building, and religious instruction.
• Classes were divided to two and each was assigned with empire names, Carthaginian and Roman.
• Our hero, being a student who boarded outside the school was assigned to the Carthaginians who were so called externos, while those who lived inside the school or internos belonged to the Roman Empire.
• In each empire, students were ranked according to their performance.
• Among them were the majority called the standard bearer, which was considered as fifth best higher, was the centurion; followed higher, was Decurion; second higher, was the tribune; and the highest in the rank was the emperor.
• Empires was assigned with their designated colors: Romans with red, and Carthaginian with blue.
• Students wore Rayandillo as uniform.
Being a new student with a little knowledge on Spanish
• Our hero had to occupy the end of the rank.
• With perseverance, he progressed and had ended the month as emperor.
• He was awarded with a prize of religious picture as the brightest student in the whole class.
• His first teacher was Fr. Jose Bech, whom he described as “tall, thin, and with body slightly bent forward, with a hurried walk, an ascetic face, severe and inspired, small but deep-sunken eyes and a sharp nose which was almost Greek, and thin lips forming an arc whose ends fell towards the chin.”
To maintain his supremacy in class
• Rizal studied harder and spent hours reading useful and informative resources.
• He even convinced his father to buy him a costly set of Historia Universal (Universal History), authored by Cesar Cantu, declaring that it was a school requirement.
• Other than that, Rizal was fun of reading other fiction and reference books.
• Among his favorites were a novel by Alexander Dumas, the Count of Monte Christo and Dr. Feodor Jogor’s (a Germanscientist) Travels to the Philippines.
In his Second Year in Ateneo Schooling
• Rizal stayed in intramuros at No. 6 Magallanes St. with an old widow landlady named Doña Pipay.
• It was said that there was nothing unusual happened to him other than meeting at school some of his former classmates in Biñan under Maestro Justiniano.
• The last year of Rizal in Ateneo
• Was considered as his most productive year.
• Among his professors, it was Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez who has inspired him the most.
• He was noted by Rizal as “model of uprightness, earnestness, and love for the advancement of his pupils.”
• He made Rizal eager to study further and to write poetry despite the discouragement made by Fr. Jose Villaclara.
• It would have been better for Rizal to concentrate on things more important and practical such as philosophy and natural sciences.
• With the encouragement and guidance of Fr. Sanchez, Rizal was able to accomplish a series of poems from 1875 to 1877.
• In 1874 he wrote a poem that he then dedicated to his mother, entitled Mi Primera Inspiration (My First Inspiration).
Other than writing a Poems
• Rizal made use of his time doing extra-curricular activities.
• He wrote a dramatic work as requested by Fr. Sanchez. Its title was San Eustacio, Martir (St. Eustace, the Martyr).
• He exhibited his artistic skill by carving an image of the Virgin Mary on a piece of Philippine hardwood, Batikuling, with his pocket-knife.
• One of is professors, Fr. Lleonart, was impressed and has requested our hero to carve for him an image of the Sacred Heart of Jesus.
• The priest intended to take the image to Spain with him but, being absent-minded, he forgot to include it his luggage.
• Rizal also took lessons on painting under Augustin Saez, a famous Spanish painter.
• While his skills in sculpture was whetted to him by Romualdo de Jesus, who was said to have formed an organization called Katipunan in 1888, prior to Andres Bonifacio’s founding of KKK in 1892.
Medical Pursuit in University of Santo Tomas
• Carrying the degree Bachelor of Arts inn his pocket, Rizal advanced learning at the University of Santo Tomas.
• At first, the idea was discouraged by Doña Teodora, knowing that the brilliance of Rizal may cause him harm similar to the first Filipino patriots.
• She protested “don’t send him to Manila again; he knows enough. If he gets to know more, the Spaniards will cut off his head” (Rizal to Blumentritt, Nov 8, 1888).
• But, with the persistence of Don Francisco and Paciano, Rizal got matriculated.
Upon his entry to the University
• He took a course on Philosophy and Letters.
• He was then uncertain as regards what career to pursue, so he took the said course provided that is father liked it and because he could not seek advice from Fr. Pablo Ramon (Rector of Ateneo) who was in Mindanao during those times.
• However, in the following term, Rizal received an advice from the priest rector to study medicine.
• He simultaneously took the preparatory medical course and the regular first year medical course as well as Philosophy and Letters.
• The idea of taking medicine was tendered by his desire someday he would be able to cure his mother’s growing blindness.
To get more productive, he took and completed surveying course in Ateneo (1878)
• It was a vocational course leading to the title PeritoAgrimensor (expert surveyor).
• As expected from him being an Atenean, he excelled in alsubjects in surveying.
• Hence, he obtained gold medals in agriculture and topography and he passed the final examination in surveying at the age of 17.
• Sadly, he could not be awarded with the title as he was too young to be qualified until November 25, 1881.
• Other than taking the course on surveying, he frequently visited Ateneo and joined some extra-curricular activities.
• He even became the president of the Academy of Spanish Literature and a secretary in the Marian Congrgation.
• In 1880, Rizal founded a secret society in the University of Sto. Tomas called Compañerismo (comradeship).
• Its members were called “Companions of Jehu” so named after a valiant Hebrew general who fought the Aramean and ruled the Kingdom of Israel for 28 years.
• The society was initiated by our hero to solidify Filipinos in the university.
• Thus, biographers could not help but link the establishment of his secret comradeship among Filipinos to series of brawls.
• Skirmish between “Indio, Chongo” (Filipino students) and “Kastila, Bangus” (Spanish students) was frequent.
• As a man skilled in fencing and wrestling, Rizal was declared as the chief, whereas, Galicano Apacible, his cousin from Batangas, was the secretary.
• As the chief, Rizal led various street fights against the Spanish students in the street near UST.
• As a visionary man, Rizal’s fancy on founding societies extended later to Europe where he established in 1889, the Kidlat Club, Indios Bravos and the mysterious society of R.D.L.M
Being a Thomasian student
• Rizal’s academic performance has not soared as he did in Ateneo Municipal.
• He garnered excellent and a few lower grades among his twenty-one subjects in the university.
• Most of his classmates that time were satisfied with the grades he acquired, but our hero was not satisfied with them. Yet, he never complained about them.
• The low grades were result of racial discrimination and bigotry.
• According to Zaide (2008) wrote Rizal was unhappy at this Dominican institution of higher learning because:
• The Dominican professors were hostile to him
• The Filipino students were racially discriminated against by the Spaniards
• The method of instruction was obsolete and repressive.
• Despite that, history records proved that the Dominican University has given Rizal a favor instead of discriminating him as he was given a rare privilege of studying simultaneously the Preparatory Course of Medicine and the first year of Medicine.
The LiceoArtistico-Literario (Artistic-Leterary Lyceum)
• A society of literary men and artists of Manila, held a literary contest in 1879.
• they offered a prize for the best poem written by a native or mestizo Filipino.
• As a man of letters, Rizal at the age of 18, courageously submitted an entry entitled “A La Juventud Filipina” (To the Filipino Youth).
• Even with scrutiny and evaluation, the Board of Judges composed of Spaniards was impressed of the piece.
• They awarded the first prize to Rizal, a silver pen in a shaped of feather decorated with gold ribbon.
• Thus, Rizal was so happy to be recognized and to win the poetry contest.
• After a year, Liceo opened another literary contest in Commemoration of the 4th Centennial of the Death of Cervantes, the author of Don Quixote.
• In this contest, both Spaniards and Filipinos compete to win the prize- priests, newspapermen, scholars and professors.
• As an entry, Rizal submitted an allegorical drama entitled El Consejo de los Dioses (Council of the Gods).
• The judges of the contest were all Spaniards. With critical evaluation and appraisal, the Judges awarded the El Consejowith first prize.
• The result became controversial for the reason that an indio, and a student at that, has won the contest.
• As a result, the Spanish community howled in indignation against the judgement.
• Despite the objection, Rizal was awarded with prize, a gold ring on which bust of Cervantes was engraved.
• This winning of Jose Rizal was a first time in history, as it was the first time an Indio won a contest against Spanish contenders who were mostly experts and professionals in the field.
• He could not keep his happiness at the moment of the awarding as he was able to prove that superiority and competence is not defined by race and color of the skin.
Spanish Officer Brutality
• When Rizal’s first year in UST was ended, he enjoyed his summer (1878) vacation in Calamba.
• The supposedly youthful summer fun became one of his unforgettable experiences of brutality.
• It was customary for citizens to bow or greet officials whenever they meet on the road or anywhere else.
• But, one dark evening in Calamba, as Rizal was walking along the street, he was not able to figure out or notice that the person he was passing by was a lieutenant of the Guardia Civil.
• The unclear figure the whipped out his sword and brutally slashed our hero on the back.
• The wound though was not serious but painful.
• As a result, Rizal reported the incident to General Primo de Rivera but his complaint seemed to have fallen In deaf ears.
In his letter to Blumenttrit (March 21, 1887) our hero complained
“I went to the Captain- General but I could not obtain justice; my wound lasted two weeks.”
Decision to Study in Madrid
• One could not help but link the decision of our hero to study abroad to the unpleasant experiences that he had in the university.
• This includes Zaide’s narrated unhappy days of Rizal in UST and the Spanish brutality.
• De Viana (2011) proposed reasons why Rizal had to continue his medical pursuits abroad:
• Rizal left for abroad to widen his knowledge and compare greatness and progress of the cultured nations of the world with the slow, monotonous and retrograde march of the colony; and
• To avail of more conducive conditions in Europe.
• Medical education at the University of Santo Tomas the was relatively new. The curriculum was just introduced in 1871.
• Our hero had to specialize on Ophthalmology as soon as possible as the eye condition of Doña Teodora was getting worse
• Universities and advance researches in Europe were deemed important in hastening Rizal’s Ophthalmology training so he could cure his mother’s illness.
• Rizal’s exploit to Spain was with the blessing of some people close to him, such as Paciano and Antonio Rivera.
• Our hero intended not to seek permission from his parents of his plans.
• He knew that in any way they wouldn’t allow him to do what has been planned.
• Leonor, his girlfriend had no idea, as well, as Rizal feared she might not be able to keep the secret.
• With the letter of endorsement of Pedro Paterno to introduce Rizal to his friends in Spain and a similar letter given by the Jesuits in Ateneo.
• Rizal was accompanied by Gella and Tion Antonio; they went to the Paseo de Magallanes and then to the wharf on the Pasig River where the Salvador docked.
• It was 3rd of May, 1882; a memorable day for every Filipino as Rizal opened his horizon to the outside world where he equipped himself with batons of knowledge and liberal ideals to fight the Spanish tyranny for his countrymen.
WEEK 4
Detention of Doña Teodora
• A year and half after Rizal’s schooling in Biñan, he has to get matriculated for college in Manila.
June of 1872
✓ The family Mercado has experienced a tragedy.
✓ it was when Doña Teodora was arrested on the charge of attempting to poison the wife of Jose Alberto, her brother.
✓ The story behind the malicious charge was that Doña Teodora got involved between Jose Alberto and his wife on the issue of their divorce.
✓ Alberto was considered a rich Biñan Illustradoand travel to Europe for business.
✓ Suddenly, upon his arrival, he found out that his wife has left their home and children for another man.
✓ In rage because of the discovered infidelity, Jose Alberto planned to divorce his unfaithful wife.
✓ With the intervention of Doña Teodora, the problem was settled amicably.
✓ They lived together again as a couple for the sake of their children.
✓ Despite the clemency extended to the wife, it was discovered that the woman has associated and connived with a Spanish lieutenant of the Guardia Civil.
✓ She filed a case against Doña Teodora accusing the latter and her husband of attempting to poison her.
✓ This (arresting) lieutenant happened to have an ax to grind against the Rizal family, because at one-time Don Francisco refused to give him fodder for his horse.
✓ Taking the opportunity to avenge himself, he arrested Doña Teodora, with the help of Calamba’s governadorcillo, Antonio Vivencio del Rosario, a menial of the friars. These two ungrateful men had been frequent guests at the Rizal home.
✓ The pitiful mother of our hero was arrested and force to travel on foot from Calamba to Sta. Cruz Laguna (approx. 50kms.)
✓ She was imprisoned for two years and a half until the Supreme Court (Manila Royal Audiencia) acquitted her or the charged crime.
Academic Triumph in Ateneo Municipal
• During Rizal’s fruitful years in Biñan, Laguna, he was schooled according to the basic curriculum of his time, the four R’s: Reading, Writing, Arithmetic, and Religion.
• After which, he had to proceed to higher learning as a son of an illustrado couple in Calamba.
• EscuelaPia: Charity School, a school for boys in Manila which was established by the city government in 1817. In 1768, Jesuits returned to the Philippines and were given the management of the school . The name was changed to Ateneo Municipal, and later became the Ateneo de Manila.
• June 10, 1872: Rizal, accompanied by older brother, Paciano, set off to take the entrance examination at San Juan de Letran.
• After passing all the subjects (Christian doctrine, arithmetic, and Reading) he returned to Calamba to attend the town fiesta.
• Supposedly, our hero would attend college at San Juan de Letran.
• martyrs in February of the same year. Don Francisco had reservations in his mind, hence urged Pepe to go to Ateneo Municipal instead, thinking that Paciano’s enrolment at San Juan de Letran and his friendship with Ftaher Burgos (the martyr) might harm his son chances of getting real education.
• Nevertheless, the prying eyes of the Spanish officials might later link our hero to Paciano and to that alleged crimes of the three
Rizal then matriculated at the Ateneo Municipal (EscuelaPia)
• At first, Fr. Magin Ferrando refused to admit him because he was late for registration and he was sickly and undersized for his age. However, Fr. Manuel XeresBurgos interceded; hence, our hero became a student of Ateneo.
• Anticipating the suspicion of Spanish authorithies to the last name “Mercado”, as used by Paciano, our hero used the last name Rizal.
• Thus among the family, it was Jose who first used the name.
Rizal. The last name of Rizal Family was Mercado, which was adopted by Domingo Lamco in 1731. The surname Rizal was acquired as suggested by a Spanish alcalde mayor of Laguna. In Spanish the name means a field of wheat, cut while still green, sprout again. (Amb. Leon Ma. Guerrero)
• Taking the Bachelor of Arts degree, he then lived in a house at Caraballo St. in Sta. Cruz, Manila.
• It was owned by a certain Titay, a spinster, who owed the Rizal family Three hundred pesos. Rizal Has to stay in her house as a way to pay off the debt of the land lady.
• Meanwhile, the Jesuit educational system gave emphasis to rigid discipline, character building, and religious instruction.
• Classes were divided to two and each was assigned with empire names, Carthaginian and Roman.
• Our hero, being a student who boarded outside the school was assigned to the Carthaginians who were so called externos, while those who lived inside the school or internos belonged to the Roman Empire.
• In each empire, students were ranked according to their performance.
• Among them were the majority called the standard bearer, which was considered as fifth best higher, was the centurion; followed higher, was Decurion; second higher, was the tribune; and the highest in the rank was the emperor.
• Empires was assigned with their designated colors: Romans with red, and Carthaginian with blue.
Students wore Rayandillo as uniform.
Being a new student with a little knowledge on Spanish
• Our hero had to occupy the end of the rank.
• With perseverance, he progressed and had ended the month as emperor.
• He was awarded with a prize of religious picture as the brightest student in the whole class.
• His first teacher was Fr. Jose Bech, whom he described as “tall, thin, and with body slightly bent forward, with a hurried walk, an ascetic face, severe and inspired, small but deep-sunken eyes and a sharp nose which was almost Greek, and thin lips forming an arc whose ends fell towards the chin.”
To maintain his supremacy in class
• Rizal studied harder and spent hours reading useful and informative resources.
• He even convinced his father to buy him a costly set of Historia Universal (Universal History), authored by Cesar Cantu, declaring that it was a school requirement.
• Other than that, Rizal was fun of reading other fiction and reference books.
• Among his favorites were a novel by Alexander Dumas, the Count of Monte Christo and Dr. Feodor Jogor’s (a German scientist) Travels to the Philippines.
In his Second Year in Ateneo Schooling
• Rizal stayed in intramuros at No. 6 Magallanes St. with an old widow landlady named Doña Pipay.
• It was said that there was nothing unusual happened to him other than meeting at school some of his former classmates in Biñan under Maestro Justiniano.
The last year of Rizal in Ateneo
• Was considered as his most productive year.
• Among his professors, it was Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez who has inspired him the most.
• He was noted by Rizal as “model of uprightness, earnestness, and love for the advancement of his pupils.”
• He made Rizal eager to study further and to write poetry despite the discouragement made by Fr. Jose Villaclara.
• It would have been better for Rizal to concentrate on things more important and practical such as philosophy and natural sciences.
• With the encouragement and guidance of Fr. Sanchez, Rizal was able to accomplish a series of poems from 1875 to 1877.
• In 1874 he wrote a poem that he then dedicated to his mother, entitled Mi Primera Inspiration (My First Inspiration).
Other than writing a Poems
• Rizal made use of his time doing extra-curricular activities.
• He wrote a dramatic work as requested by Fr. Sanchez. Its title was San Eustacio, Martir (St. Eustace, the Martyr).
• He exhibited his artistic skill by carving an image of the Virgin Mary on a piece of Philippine hardwood, Batikuling, with his pocket-knife.
• One of is professors, Fr. Lleonart, was impressed and has requested our hero to carve for him an image of the Sacred Heart of Jesus.
• The priest intended to take the image to Spain with him but, being absent-minded, he forgot to include it his luggage.
• Rizal also took lessons on painting under Augustin Saez, a famous Spanish painter.
• While his skills in sculpture was whetted to him by Romualdo de Jesus, who was said to have formed an organization called Katipunan in 1888, prior to Andres Bonifacio’s founding of KKK in 1892.
Medical Pursuit in University of Santo Tomas
• Carrying the degree Bachelor of Arts inn his pocket, Rizal advanced learning at the University of Santo Tomas.
• At first, the idea was discouraged by Doña Teodora, knowing that the brilliance of Rizal may cause him harm similar to the first Filipino patriots.
• She protested “don’t send him to Manila again; he knows enough. If he gets to know more, the Spaniards will cut off his head” (Rizal to Blumentritt, Nov 8, 1888).
• But, with the persistence of Don Francisco and Paciano, Rizal got matriculated.
Upon his entry to the University
• He took a course on Philosophy and Letters.
• He was then uncertain as regards what career to pursue, so he took the said course provided that is father liked it and because he could not seek advice from Fr. Pablo Ramon (Rector of Ateneo) who was in Mindanao during those times.
• However, in the following term, Rizal received an advice from the priest rector to study medicine.
• He simultaneously took the preparatory medical course and the regular first year medical course as well as Philosophy and Letters.
• The idea of taking medicine was tendered by his desire someday he would be able to cure his mother’s growing blindness.
Upon his entry to the University
• He took a course on Philosophy and Letters.
• He was then uncertain as regards what career to pursue, so he took the said course provided that is father liked it and because he could not seek advice from Fr. Pablo Ramon (Rector of Ateneo) who was in Mindanao during those times.
• However, in the following term, Rizal received an advice from the priest rector to study medicine.
• He simultaneously took the preparatory medical course and the regular first year medical course as well as Philosophy and Letters.
• The idea of taking medicine was tendered by his desire someday he would be able to cure his mother’s growing blindness.
To get more productive, he took and completed surveying course in Ateneo (1878)
• It was a vocational course leading to the title PeritoAgrimensor (expert surveyor).
• As expected from him being an Atenean, he excelled in alsubjects in surveying.
• Hence, he obtained gold medals in agriculture and topography and he passed the final examination in surveying at the age of 17.
• Sadly, he could not be awarded with the title as he was too young to be qualified until November 25, 1881.
• Other than taking the course on surveying, he frequently visited Ateneo and joined some extra-curricular activities.
• He even became the president of the Academy of Spanish Literature and a secretary in the Marian Congrgation.
• In 1880, Rizal founded a secret society in the University of Sto. Tomas called Compañerismo (comradeship).
• Its members were called “Companions of Jehu” so named after a valiant Hebrew general who fought the Aramean and ruled the Kingdom of Israel for 28 years.
• The society was initiated by our hero to solidify Filipinos in the university.
• Thus, biographers could not help but link the establishment of his secret comradeship among Filipinos to series of brawls.
• Skirmish between “Indio, Chongo” (Filipino students) and “Kastila, Bangus” (Spanish students) was frequent.
• As a man skilled in fencing and wrestling, Rizal was declared as the chief, whereas, Galicano Apacible, his cousin from Batangas, was the secretary.
• As the chief, Rizal led various street fights against the Spanish students in the street near UST.
• As a visionary man, Rizal’s fancy on founding societies extended later to Europe where he established in 1889, the Kidlat Club, Indios Bravos and the mysterious society of R.D.L.M
Being a Thomasian student
• Rizal’s academic performance has not soared as he did in Ateneo Municipal.
• He garnered excellent and a few lower grades among his twenty-one subjects in the university.
• Most of his classmates that time were satisfied with the grades he acquired, but our hero was not satisfied with them. Yet, he never complained about them.
• The low grades were result of racial discrimination and bigotry.
• According to Zaide (2008) wrote Rizal was unhappy at this Dominican institution of higher learning because:
1. The Dominican professors were hostile to him
2. The Filipino students were racially discriminated against by the Spaniards
3. The method of instruction was obsolete and repressive.
Despite that, history records proved that the Dominican University has given Rizal a favor instead of discriminating him as he was given a rare privilege of studying simultaneously the Preparatory Course of Medicine and the first year of Medicine.
The LiceoArtistico-Literario (Artistic-Leterary Lyceum)
• A society of literary men and artists of Manila, held a literary contest in 1879.
• they offered a prize for the best poem written by a native or mestizo Filipino.
• As a man of letters, Rizal at the age of 18, courageously submitted an entry entitled “A La Juventud Filipina” (To the Filipino Youth).
• Even with scrutiny and evaluation, the Board of Judges composed of Spaniards was impressed of the piece.
• They awarded the first prize to Rizal, a silver pen in a shaped of feather decorated with gold ribbon.
• Thus, Rizal was so happy to be recognized and to win the poetry contest.
• After a year, Liceo opened another literary contest in Commemoration of the 4th Centennial of the Death of Cervantes, the author of Don Quixote.
• In this contest, both Spaniards and Filipinos compete to win the prize- priests, newspapermen, scholars and professors.
• As an entry, Rizal submitted an allegorical drama entitled El Consejo de los Dioses (Council of the Gods).
• The judges of the contest were all Spaniards. With critical evaluation and appraisal, the Judges awarded the El Consejo with first prize.
• The result became controversial for the reason that an indio, and a student at that, has won the contest.
• As a result, the Spanish community howled in indignation against the judgement.
• Despite the objection, Rizal was awarded with prize, a gold ring on which bust of Cervantes was engraved.
• This winning of Jose Rizal was a first time in history, as it was the first time an Indio won a contest against Spanish contenders who were mostly experts and professionals in the field.
• He could not keep his happiness at the moment of the awarding as he was able to prove that superiority and competence is not defined by race and color of the skin.
Spanish Officer Brutality
• When Rizal’s first year in UST was ended, he enjoyed his summer (1878) vacation in Calamba.
• The supposedly youthful summer fun became one of his unforgettable experiences of brutality.
• It was customary for citizens to bow or greet officials whenever they meet on the road or anywhere else.
• But, one dark evening in Calamba, as Rizal was walking along the street, he was not able to figure out or notice that the person he was passing by was a lieutenant of the Guardia Civil.
• The unclear figure the whipped out his sword and brutally slashed our hero on the back.
• The wound though was not serious but painful.
• As a result, Rizal reported the incident to General Primo de Rivera but his complaint seemed to have fallen In deaf ears.
In his letter to Blumenttrit (March 21, 1887) our hero complained
“I went to the Captain- General but I could not obtain justice; my wound lasted two weeks.”
Decision to Study in Madrid
• One could not help but link the decision of our hero to study abroad to the unpleasant experiences that he had in the university.
• This includes Zaide’s narrated unhappy days of Rizal in UST and the Spanish brutality.
• De Viana (2011) proposed reasons why Rizal had to continue his medical pursuits abroad:
1. Rizal left for abroad to widen his knowledge and compare greatness and progress of the cultured nations of the world with the slow, monotonous and retrograde march of the colony; and
2. To avail of more conducive conditions in Europe.
3. Medical education at the University of Santo Tomas the was relatively new. The curriculum was just introduced in 1871.
4. Our hero had to specialize on Ophthalmology as soon as possible as the eye condition of Doña Teodora was getting worse
5. Universities and advance researches in Europe were deemed important in hastening Rizal’s Ophthalmology training so he could cure his mother’s illness.
Rizal’s exploit to Spain was with the blessing of some people close to him, such as Paciano and Antonio Rivera.
Our hero intended not to seek permission from his parents of his plans.
He knew that in any way they wouldn’t allow him to do what has been planned.
Leonor, his girlfriend had no idea, as well, as Rizal feared she might not be able to keep the secret.
• With the letter of endorsement of Pedro Paterno to introduce Rizal to his friends in Spain and a similar letter given by the Jesuits in Ateneo.
• Rizal was accompanied by Gella and Tion Antonio; they went to the Paseo de Magallanes and then to the wharf on the Pasig River where the Salvador docked.
• It was 3rd of May, 1882; a memorable day for every Filipino as Rizal opened his horizon to the outside world where he equipped himself with batons of knowledge and liberal ideals to fight the Spanish tyranny for his countrymen.
GROUP 1
UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DE MADRID
Central University of Madrid
STEAMER SALVADORA
• On board of the steamer Salvadora, he then 22-years old. Jose P. Rizal took courage to see life across the world. He observed things he saw while he travelled across oceans. He made sketches of the coast of Manila Bay, the coastline of Palawan and Borneo, and several fellow passengers.
• Most passengers on board were foreigners and Spanish employees heading back to Spain. Our hero observed that all of them spoke ill of the Philippines to which they have gone for pecuniary reasons.
• Sixteen passengers were there including him. He noted five or six are ladies, many children and the rest are gentlemen.
• The captain was Donato Lecha from Austrias Spain who became his friend throughout the voyage. He describe the captain as “much more of a refined man than his other countrymen and colleagues that I have met’’.
• To kill the boredom at times when he would only see water, Rizal played chess with several passengers and has a won over them many times. It is worth to mention that our hero was a good chess player as well.
• Approaching Singapore on May 8, 1882, Rizal saw a beautiful island. He was fascinated by its view and remembered the “Talim Island with the Susongdalaga’’(Ibid).
• A day after, the steamer docked at the shore of Singapore and Rizal registered at Hotel de la Paz.
• He visited the famous Botanical Garden, the beautiful Buddhist temples, the busy shopping district, and the statue of Sir Thomas Stanford Raffles, founder of Singapore.
Steamer Djemnah
• Back on his voyage towards Europe, on May 11, 1882, Rizal took a French steamer named Djemnah. Compared to Salvadora, the vessel was larger and cleaner and with more passengers.
• Rizal observed that most of the passengers were speakingFrench, so he attempted to converse with them. However, he discovered that his French was so crude and that the book he read at the Ateneo could not be understood. As a result, he spoke in mixed Spanish-Latin with gestures and sketching.
• However, being a fast learner, he was able to improve his French as they travelled across Europe.
• On May 17, 1882, they have reached Point Galle of Ceylon(Sri Lanka). He wrote: “The general appearance of Point Galle is picturesque but lonely and quiet and at the same time sad”.
• The following day, the streamer’s anchor was dropped at Colombo City, Ceylon. He wrote: “Colombo is more beautiful, smart and elegant than Singapore, Point Galle, and Manila”.
• Heading towards Europe, they have pass through the Suez Canal, it took the Djemnah five days to navigate and our hero was excited as it was his first time to see and pass through it. It was built by Ferdinand de Lesseps (French diplomat-engineer) which was inaugurated on November 17, 1869.
On June 11, Djemnah reached Naples.
• The Italian activity, its lively people, and its panoramic beauty (Mount Vesuvius, the Castle of St Telmo) pleased him.
• On the night of June 12, Rizal bade farewell to his fellow passengers. They arrived and disembarked the ship in Marseilles.
• Being a fan of Count of Monte Cristo of Alexander Dumas, he visited the famous Chateau d' if where protagonist of the novel, Edmund Dantes was incarcerated.
• He left Marseilles on June 15 and took a train towards Barcelona.
• He made it to the Spanish City the day after (June 16).
Rizal's impression of Barcelona at first was a bit gloomy
• Upon his arrival he observed that it was ugly with its little inns and inhospitable residents.
• He checked into a dingy inn on an unimpressive narrow street in the “town’s most ugly side’’ (Ibid)
• His impression altered when he visited places like Las Ramblas and observed an atmosphere of freedom and liberalism, and its people were open-hearted, hospitable, and courageous (Ibid)
• Finally, he was welcomed by some of his classmates from Ateneo with a party at Café Plaza de Cataluńa.
• They exchanged news to update each other about Spain and the Philippines.
While in Barcelona, Rizal wrote "Amor Patrio" (Love of Country).
• He handed it over to Basilio Teodoro Moran, publisher of Diariong Tagalog.
• Under Rizal's pen name LaongLaan, the essay was published on August 20, 1882.
• It appeared in print in both Tagalog and Spanish.
• The Spanish text was Rizal's original essay in Barcelona; the Tagalog version was translated by Marcelo H. Del Pilar.
• The essay urged Filipinos to love their fatherland, the Philippines.
• Rizal was encouraged to write more articles for thenewspaper.
• He wrote "Los Viajes" (Travels) and "Revista de Madrid" (Review of Madrid).
• "Revista de Madrid" was not published because DiariongTagalog ceased to operate due to lack of funds.
Shortly, Rizal moved to Madrid, the capital city of Spain, to continue his studies at the Universidad Central de Madrid (Central University of Madrid).
• On November 3, 1882, he enrolled in Medicine and Philosophy and Letters.
• Being a prolific man, he made himself busy he also studied Fine Arts and took lessons in French, German, and English.
• To further improve his knowledge in music, He attended operas and concerts in the city.
• Due to Rizal’s frugality it made him conscious of his expences. He had no fancy spending on liquor and women.
• He used to visit and spend some time at the home of Don Pablo Ortiga (former liberal-minded Spanish Civil Governor of Manila under Gov. Gen. Carlos Ma. delaTorre, 1869-1871) where he met the latter's two daughters, Pilar and Consuelo.
• Consuelo became one of Rizal's love interests, with Eduardo de Lette as rival.
• Rizal joined the Circulo Hispano-Filipino (Spanish-Filipino Circle) It is a society of Spaniards and Filipinos in Madrid.
• Recognized as a man of letters, Rizal was requested to write a poem.
• He declaimed "Me Piden Versos" during the New Year's Eve reception of Madrid Filipinos. It was a sad poem which he poured out the cry of his agonizing heart (Ibid).
• Politics became part of the discussion, centering on the need for reforms in the Philippines.
• Rizal became an active discussant (De Viana, 2011).
Rizal became more exposed to Liberal and Republican Spaniards
Most of those people he was constantly in contact with were Masons:
• Miguel Morayta: statesman, professor, historian, and writer
• Francisco Pi y Margal: journalist, statesman, and former president of the First Spanish Republic
• Manuel Becerra: Minister of Ultrama (Colonies); Emilio Junoy, journalist and member of Spanish Cortes
• Juan Ruiz Zorilla: parliamentarian and head of the Republic Progressive Party in Madrid ( Zaide et al.,2008).
• Witnessing the criticism of the Spanish Masons, he was impressed.
• In March 1883, Rizal became a Mason in the lodge Acacia of Madrid.
• In his mind, Rizal needed the aid of Freemasonry in his advocacies against the friars in the Philippines.
• After some years, he transferred to Lodge Solidaridad in Madrid.
• On November 20, 1890, he became a Master Mason.
• On February 15, 1892, he was awarded a diploma as Master Mason by Le Grand Orient de France in Paris.
• Rizal was not so active in Masonry compared to Marcelo H. Del Pilar, Graciano Lopez Jaena, and Mariano Ponce.
• His sole contribution was a written lecture in 1889 at Lodge Solidaridad entitled "Science, Virtue and Labor."
• Financial constrains did not impede our hero’s brilliance.Two years after Rizal’s departure for Spain he experienced one of his touching moments in Madrid.
• On June 1884, he was broke and unable to eat breakfast.
• Despite this, he attended his classes at the university.
• He participated in Greek Language class and won the gold medal.
• Famished and tired, he was invited as a guest speaker in a celebration to honor the victory of Filipino artists Juan Luna and Felix Ressureccion Hidalgo.
• The harvests in Calamba failed due to drought and locusts.
• The tenants' misery was added to by the increase in the rental of the lands imposed by the hacienda manager.
• Paciano tried to send the allowance to Rizal, but most of the time it was delayed and at times it never arrived.
• Paciano even sold Rizal's pony for the latter’s allowance.
Jose Rizal was a voracious reader
He collected various books of both fiction and reference. Despite of his frugal life,spared no amount to buy secondhand books.
Considerably, his collection is a library:
1. The Bible
2. Lives of the President of the United States from Washington to Johnson
3. Complete Works of Voltaire (9 vol.)
4. Ancient Poetry
5. Works of Thucydides
6. The Byzantine Empire
7.The Renaissance
8. Hebrew Grammar
9. The Characters of La Bruyere
10. History of the French Revolution
11. Eugene Sue’s The Wandering Jew
12. Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin
13. The Work of Alexander Dumas
14. Louis XIV and His Court
15. various Reference of Medicine
16. Philosophy
17. Languages
18. Geography
19.Arts and Sciences.
Rizal completed his medical studies and was given the title Licenciado en Medicina (Licentiate in Medicine) on June 21,1884.
• The title was awarded with the rating Aprobado or fair.
• He got better scores at the University of Sto. Tomas compared to the Central Universidad De Madrid.
• He continued studying subjects that would lead him to a Doctorate in Medicine.
• He was not able to present his thesis and pay the corresponding fees.
• As a result, he was not awarded the Doctorate degree.
He could practice medicine because he was a holder of the licentiate.
• Rizal also finished his degree and was awarded with Licenciado en Filosofia y Letra (Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters) in the same university with the rating sobresaliente.
• He was awarded the Degree of Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters by the Universidad Central de Madrid on June 19, 1885.
• This qualified him to be a professor in humanities in any Spanish institution.
• Rizal also finished his degree and was awarded with Licenciado en Filosofia y Letra (Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters) in the same university with the rating sobresaliente.
• He was awarded the Degree of Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters by the Universidad Central de Madrid on June 19, 1885.
• This qualified him to be a professor in humanities in any Spanish institution.
EUROPEAN SOJOURNS Paris (Capital City of France)
Spending one of his summer vacations, Rizal went to Paris on June 17 until August 20, 1883.
•The attracting sights of Paris have fascinated our hero, such as the Palace de la Concorde, Arch of Triumph, Bois de Boulogne, the Madelaine Church, and many others.
• He has visited places such as museums, botanical gardens, art galleries, and hospitals.
While in this gay city, there were instances that he was mistaken as Japanese because his height was midget as compared to the people of France.
•Moreover, he found the cost of living in the city is too high. In one of his letters to his family he wrote "Paris is the costliest in Europe".
• When he completed his studies at the Central Universidad de Madrid, he went back to Paris. He was 24 years old then and was already a physician.
• There he became an apprentice of Dr. Louis de Weckert who provided our hero with further knowledge in ophthalmology.
Heidelberg and Berlin, Germany
Rizal left Paris on February, 1886 and headed to Germany.
• On the third day of the same month, he reached Heidelberg. The city was dubbed as "historic city" with its famous university and romantic surroundings.
• To accomplish his objective in this city, he worked at the University Eye Hospital under Dr. Otto Becker. In his time, Dr. Becker was the most renowned German Ophthalmologist.
• In his free time, Rizal visited beautiful spots which included the famous Heidelberg Castle.
Being impressed by the scenic beauty of the City, on April 22, 1886, he wrote a poem "A las Flores de Heidelberg" (To the Flowers of Heidelberg).
• Zaide (2008) noted that among the flowers in the banks of Neckar river in which he past some of his time, Rizal's most favorite was light blue "forget-me-not".
Also, in this city, on July 31, 1886, Rizal wrote his first letter to Prof. Ferdinand Blumentritt.
• Learning that the Professor, being an ethnologist, was interested in Philippine Languages, Rizal wrote him a letter in German language, which became the beginning of their lifetime friendship. Attached to the letter was the book Arithmetica(Arithmetic) by Rufino Baltazar Hernandez of Sta. Cruz, Laguna.
After his short stay in Heidelberg, he headed to Berlin on November 1, 1886. Berlin was described by Rizal as enchanted with its scientific atmosphere with the absence of racial discrimination.
• In this city, he lived a frugal life as there was no money arriving from Calamba. With the publication of Noli Me Tangere (to be discussed in a chapter ahead) and being broke, there were times when he had only one meal a day.
• Consequently, his health broke down due to lack of nourishment and began to cough with the suspicion that he got Tuberculosis.
• Luckily, Maximo Viola arrived in Berlin and loaned him some amount for the publication of his first novel and for his daily meals.
• After the publication of the Noli Me Tangere, Rizal crossed the frontier towards Lausanne, Switzerland with Maximo Viola on June 2 and 3, 1887.
• • Their journey led them to Berne and later to Geneva. Other than visiting tourist spots, the two went boating on the lake.
• • In Geneva, the two friends have spent 15 memorable days. However, they parted ways on the 23 of June. Rizal has to continue his sojourn to Italy, while Viola has to return to Barcelona.
• • I Europe to Calamban Italy Without Viola, Rizal headed to Italy. He went to visit Milan, Venice, and Florence.
• • On June 27, 1887, he reached Rome, the capital city.
• • Later, on June 29, he went to Vatican City. The magnificent edifices of St. Peter's Basilica, St. Peter Square, and the colorful guards impressed him a lot.
• • After a week stay in "the City of Popes", he packed his things and fixed himself for a long trip home. With excitement, he has written his father prior to the day of his departure for Manila.
Europe to Calamba
• After five years of stay in Europe, Rizal went back home to Calamba. He left Rome for Marseilles on July 3, 1887. In Marseilles he got on board of the vessel Djemnah. It was route to Saigon, Vietnam and from there Rizal had to transfer from another steamer named Haiphong bound to Manila July 30. Finally on the night on August 6 he arrived in Manila. After two days he headed towards Calamba.
• His eagerness to go home was propelled by his desire to operate Dona Teodora's eyes and to serve his countrymen. Moreover, he wanted to know the impact of Noli Me Tangere among Spaniards and Filipinos. Historians have also noted Rizal wishes to know the reasons why Leonor has stopped writing him.
• Rizal's family was so happy of Jose's coming home. But this happiness was stirred with worries as regards his safety. His Noli Me Tangere has caused the friars' resentment and they have accused Rizal of slandering the Catholic church and for spreading subversive ideas (De Viana et al., 2011). Hence, Paciano never let Rizal off sight and kept himself close to the latter for security.
• To keep himself busy while in Calamba, Rizal established a medical clinic where his first patient was his mother. Treatments were made but he could not perform any surgical operation because the eye cataracts were not yet mature for surgery (Zaide et al., 2008). People learned about this endeavour of Rizal, thus they flocked for consultation.
• They used to call Rizal as "Doctor Uliman" because he came from Germany. By several months alone, he was able to earn nine hundred pesos and by February, 1888, he had total earnings of five thousand pesos as medical fees.
• Whenever he was out of his clinic, he kept himself physically fit. He did gymnastics with some kids in the gymnasium he opened for them. It became his way to introduce European sports such as gymnastics, fencing, and shooting to the people of Calamba. It was also one way to discourage the people on their hankering for gambling and cockfighting.
• Seeing the impact of Noli, Rizal has started to conceptualize and outline the sequel of novel, which is the El Filibusterismo. Such controversy was generated by the Noli, thus this yet novel was expected to be more intellectually vulgar and revealing.
• Rizal failed to see his beloved Leonor Rivera during his six months of stay in the Philippines. He tried to visit her inDagupan but has been declined his wish by Leonor's parents. In respect, he bowed to their wish. In his time, a couple had to seek permission and approval of parents, who have the authority over the arrangements and conditions for marriage.
• Threats were at Rizal's doorstep while he was at home. These threats arose from the age of some individuals hit by the message of Noli. Governor General Emilio Terrero(1885-88), assigned a bodyguard to secure the safety of our hero. He was Lt. Jose Taviel de Andrade. Between them, a beautiful friendship bloomed (lbid.).
• The lieutenant admired Rizal's brilliance and gallantry. Later, he wrote: "Rizal was refined, educated and gentlemanly. The hobbies that most interested him were hunting, fencing, shooting, painting, and hiking.." (bid.)
Rizal helped in gathering the facts and listing of grievances of tenants in Calamba
Reading the Noli Me Tangere, Gov. General Terrero ordered an investigation of the fiare states.
To remedy whatever inquiries might have been present in connection with land taxes and the tenant relations(Ibid.,p.azo). Calamba, therefore,as one of those estates, incompliance with
Its local agrarian conditions.
•The order,dated December 30,1887, was directed to investigate.
• In response, Calamba folks sought the help of Rizal to collect information and grievances.
• Against the hacienda management. As a result, wrote own his findings and was sealed with the tenants and three local official signatures on January 8,1888
The findings were as follows:
1. The hacienda of the Dominican Order comprised Inat only of the lands around Calamba, but also the town of Calamba,
2. The profits of the Dominican Order continually increased because of the arbitrary increase in the rentals paid by the tenants.
3. The hacienda owner never contributed a single centavo fr the celebration of the town fiesta, or the education of the children, and for the inprovement of agriculture,
4 Tenants who spent much labor in clearing the lands were dispossessed of said lands for flimsy reasons
s. High rates of interest were charged to the tenants for delayed payments of rentals , and when the rentals could not be paid, the hacienda management confiscated their carabaos tools, and homes.
Whenever a tenant failed to pay because of low harvest yield and low prices of agricultural products, they were actually given enough time to pay the irrents. However, when Rizal left Calamba for the second time in February 1888,
• The tenants have refused to pay the rentals. It took the Dominicans a year to persuade them to pay then filed a case in court in1 889. The tenants won their case at the Justice of Peace in Calamba but an appeal was raisedat the provincial court of Sta.Cruz, then at the higher tribunal of Manila, and lastly at the Supreme Court in Madrid (DeViana,p.6g).
• The Tribunal of Sta.Cruz has decided in favour to the petitioners but Calamba tenants have defied the decision. Consequently, agents of the court with the support by a detachment of soldiers destroyed houses inCalamba.
• •The tenants were then displaced. When they began to return, Governor Gen,Valeriano Weyler (whore placed Gov.Gen. Terrero) sent more soldiers and ordered the deportation of as individuals including Paciano, and Rizal’s brother-in-law, Silvestre Ubaldo. Another brother-in-law Manuel Hidalgo, was banished toBohol(bid.).
Way back to Europe
Rizal left Manila for Hongkong
on board the ZAFIRO on February 3, 1888.
He was welcomed by Filipino residents
Including Jose Maria Basa. He Checked-in at the Victoria Hotel. During his two-week stay in the city, he studied the Chinese people way of life.
On February 18, he was accompanied by Basa and got on board the ferry steamer Kiu-Kiang towards Macao.
• On the 22nd day of the Month he packed his things and boarded steamer oceanic towards Japan.
February 28, 1888 – Rizal reached the Land of Cherry Blossoms, Japan.
Rizal was amazed of the countries:
• Enchanting beauty of the country
• The charming manners of the people
• The picturesque shrines
• The first city he visited was Yokohama and the next day he went to Tokyo.
• The people in the country wrongly thought he was a Japanese.
• In his Letter to Blumentritt he mentioned,
• “ Here you have your friend… who has his face of a Japanese but does not speak Japanese”
As a result, Rizal studied the language. Being born a linguist, he was able to speak the language in just a few days.
Other than that he also:
- Read Kabuki ( Japanese drama)
- Listened to music
- Learned Judo
He went to:
- Museums
- Libraries
- Art Galleries
- Shrines
Landmarks he visited:
1.Meguro
2.Hakone
3.Miyanoshita
4.Some Villages
Rizal had to continue his voyage across the Pacific.
On board the English steamer, Belgic and Yokohama Rizal left for United States of America.
He soon discovered that the placing of the ship was carrying 643 Chinese coolies. At that time public opinion on the Pacific coast was against cheap coolies from the China were displacing white labourers in railroad construction camps. To win the votes of the whites in California (for election was near), the administration impeded the entry of Chinese coolies (Zaide, p.137)
Techo Suehiro – One of the passengers.
- He was a Liberal Japanese journalist, novelist and champion of Human rights.
- He was forced by the Japanese Government to leave the country, just like Rizal who was compelled to leave the Philippines by the Spanish authorities.
1889- Techo published his travel diary containing his impressions to our hero
After the publication of his diary, Techo resigned position as Editor of Tokyo, Newspaper, Choya, and entered politics.
He was elected in 1890 as member of the lower house of the First Imperial Diet ( Japanese Parliament), where he carried out on his fight for human rights.
Seiko Usui – The woman that Rizal feel in love with there in the country.
He also calls her O-Sei-San.
- Rizal left her to carry on his mission to
Europe. She sorrowed for a long time and has never got herself committed to any relationship until Rizal was executed.
RIZAL WAS MARRED BY RACIAL PREJUDICE IN AMERICA ON APRIL 28,1888
• On board of steamer Belgic, Rizal reached San Francisco. Passengers were not allowed to land and the ship was placed under quarantine because of the news that cholera epidemic was raging in the far east.
• Rizal knew that there was no cholera epidemic in the far east, so he joined other passengers protesting the injustifiable action of the health authorities. It was only after after a week that all first class passengers, including Rizal, were allowed to set a foot on the american soil.
• He registered at the Palace Hotel and stayed there for two days. He went to Oakland then Sacramento and Reno, Nevada on May 6. Thereafter, he went to Colorado and Nebraska and still later to Chicago. He reached New York on May 13, Sunday and visited scenic and historical places.
Rizal was back to Europe
• On board the City of Rome Rizal left New York for London on May 24, 1888. He stayed as guest of Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor, an exiled Filipino lawyer.
• He later transferred to a boarding house owned by Beckett family. One of the daughters was Gertrude to whom Rizal was bent and was interested. Rizal was acquainted to Dr. Reinhold Rost who was then the librarian of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and an authority on Malayan language and customs in London.
• Being impressed by Rizal, Dr. Rost dubbed our hero as una perla de hombre (a pearl of a man). With the hospitality of Dr. Rost, Rizal spent most of his time in the British Museums reading page by page Morga's Sucesos and several historical literatures on Philippines.
• During weekends, Rizal used to visit Dr. Regidor and discuss updates on the issues and predicaments in the Philippines.
• Bad news on injustice committed by the Spanish authorities to Filipinos and to Rizal's family made him worried a lot.
Some of them as listed by Zaide (p.134-144) are as follows:
1.Persecution of the Filipino patriots who signed the "Anti-Friar Petition of 1888" which was presented by DoroteoCortes, prominent Masan and lawyer, to Jose Centeno, Civil Governar of the Province of Manila, on March 3, 1888. This petition was signed by about 8oo patriots and was actually written by Marcelo H. del Pilar. It was addressed to the Queen of Spain requesting the expulsion of the friars, including Archbishop Pedro Payo (Dominican) of Manila.
2.Persecution of the Calamba tenants, including Rizal's family and relatives, for their courage to petition the government for agrarian reform.
3.Furious attacks on Rizal by senators Salamanca and Vida in the Spanish Cortes and by Desengaños (Wenceslao E. Retana) and Quioquiap (Pablo Feced) in Spanish newspapers.
4.Rizal's brother-in-law Manuel T. Hidalgo, husband of Saturnina, was exiled by Governor General Weyler to Bohol without due process of law.
5.A friend of Rizal, Laureano Viado, a medical student at the University of Santo Tomas, was arrested and jailed in BilibidPrison because copies of the Noli were found in his house.
• Despite these bad news, Mariano Ponce, shared a goodnews on the defense of Noli by Rev. Vicente Garcia has cheered Rizal. It was courageous on the part of Fr. Garcia because he was a venerable Filipino canon of the Manila Cathedral.
• On July 5, 1891, Rizal went to Ghent, a famous university city in Belgium. With the cheaper cost of printing, he published his second novel the El Filibusterismo. It was a sequel of Noli.
• His life was frugal and lonely. However, with the cheerful character of his Filipino board mate, Jose Alejandro, he was able to get through the difficulties in.
• Like Noli, the publication of El Fili was accomplished with the aid of a friend. This time it was Valentin Ventura from Paris. Consequently, the novel was out on September 18, 1891.
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