Blood & Respiratory System Face 2 Face Class (1) [Autosaved]

Page 1: Title Page

• Introduction to Blood

Page 2: Test Your Knowledge of Blood (T/F)

• Blood is connective tissue. (True)

• Blood can be synthetically produced. (False)

• Blood is brighter red in color when it has lots of oxygen. (True)

• Blood is mostly water. (True)

• Blood helps protect the body from infection. (True)

• Adults have 5 liters of blood. (True)

Page 3: Functions of Blood

• Nutrient transport

• Oxygen delivery to tissues

• Carbon dioxide removal

• Immune function

• Blood clotting and regulation of body temperature

Page 4: Components of Blood

• Plasma (55%)

  • Fluid component of blood

• Buffy Coat (<1%)

  • Contains leukocytes (white blood cells) and platelets

• Erythrocytes (45%)

  • Red blood cells (RBCs)

Page 5: Plasma

• Pale yellow color, primarily composed of water

• Functions include:

  • Transporting nutrients, gases, hormones, ions, and waste products

  • Plasma proteins:

    • Albumin regulates fluid volume

    • Antibodies protect against pathogens

    • Clotting factors prevent excessive blood loss

• Serum is plasma minus clotting proteins

Page 6: Hematopoiesis in Bone Marrow

• Types of stem cells in blood formation:

  • Proerythroblast (RBC)

  • Myeloblast (Granulocytes)

  • Lymphoblast (Lymphocytes)

  • Monoblast (Monocytes)

  • Megakaryoblast (Platelets)

• Overview: Blood cells originate from stem cells in the bone marrow

Page 7: Red Blood Cells - Erythrocytes

• Characteristics:

  • Disc-shaped, no nucleus

  • Contain hemoglobin for oxygen transport

  • Lifespan: 120 days, recycled by spleen

Page 8: Life Cycle of RBCs

• Increased production of RBCs triggered by:

  • Erythropoietin (hormone) from kidneys

  • Stimulates red bone marrow for RBC synthesis

Page 9: White Blood Cells - Leukocytes

• 5 types of WBCs, primary function:

  • Protect body from infections and harmful invaders

  • Migrate from blood to lymph tissue or infection sites

Page 10: Types of Leukocytes and Their Functions

• Granulocytes:

  • Neutrophils (55-70%) - Phagocytosis

  • Eosinophils (1-3%) - Allergic responses

  • Basophils (0-1%) - Inflammatory responses and heparin release

• Agranulocytes:

  • Lymphocytes (25-38%) - Immune response

  • Monocytes (3-8%) - Phagocytosis

Page 11: Platelets - Thrombocytes

• Function:

  • Form platelet plugs in damaged blood vessels to initiate clot formation

Page 12: Application: Myelosuppression

• Case Study: Bronson, 9 years old, undergoing chemotherapy:

  • Condition leading to decreased blood cell production

• Associated conditions:

  • Anemia: fatigue from lack of oxygen

  • Leukopenia: increased infection risk

  • Thrombocytopenia: prolonged bleeding

Page 13: Hemostasis Overview

• Definition of hemostasis

• Importance in the prevention of blood loss

Page 14: Coagulation Cascade

• Pathways:

  • Intrinsic pathway activated by damaged surfaces

  • Extrinsic pathway initiated by tissue factor

• Common pathway:

  • Converts prothrombin to thrombin, leading to fibrin formation

Page 15: Blood Coagulation Stages

• Stage I: Injury to vessel leads to platelet activation

• Stage II: Prothrombin (II) activation

• Stage III: Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin that forms a blood clot

Page 16: Practice: Blood Clotting Stages

1. Injury causes bleeding

2. Blood vessel muscles spasm

3. Platelets adhere to tissue

4. Prothrombin activator forms

5. Thrombin activates fibrinogen

6. Clotting factors are activated

7. Fibrin mesh traps RBCs

Page 17: Blood Groups Overview

• Blood types include A+, B+, AB+, A-, B-, AB-, O+, O-

Page 18: RBC Antibodies and Antigens

• Group A: A antigen, Anti-B antibodies

• Group B: B antigen, Anti-A antibodies

• Group AB: A and B antigens, no antibodies

• Group O: No antigens, Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies

Page 19: Application: Blood Donor Compatibility

• Compatibility based on blood group antigens and antibodies

• Transfusion safety considerations

Page 20: Rh Typing

• Rh positive: if RBCs have Rh antigen

• Rh negative: if RBCs lack Rh antigen

Page 21: Incompatibility of Blood Types

• Effects of mixing incompatible blood types

• Risk of agglutination and hemolysis

Page 22: Respiratory System Introduction

• Overview of the respiratory system and its significance

Page 23: Functions of the Respiratory System

• Provides oxygen to the body

• Removes carbon dioxide

• Maintains pH balance

Page 24: Structures of the Respiratory System

• Upper respiratory tract: Organs outside the chest cavity

• Lower respiratory tract: Organs inside the chest cavity

Page 25: Lung Elasticity

• Elastic tissue stretches during inhalation and recoils during exhalation

• Importance of elasticity for lung function

Page 26: Surfactant Functionality

• Surfactants reduce surface tension in alveoli, preventing collapse

Page 27: Pleural Membranes

• Parietal pleura: Lines chest cavity

• Visceral pleura: Covers lungs

• Intrapleural space: Contains pleural fluid, reducing friction

Page 28: Intrapleural Pressure

• Concept of intrapleural pressure and its role in lung inflation

Page 29: Pneumothorax Explanation

• Mechanism of a collapsed lung

• Purpose and function of chest tube insertion

Page 30: Steps in Respiration

• Ventilation: Inhalation and exhalation

• Gas exchange: At lungs and tissue levels

• Transport of gases: Via bloodstream

Page 31: Inspiration and Expiration Mechanism

• Mechanism of thoracic cavity expansion and contraction during breathing

Page 32: Lung Volumes

• Definitions of lung volumes:

  • Tidal volume: Air moved in one breath

  • Tidal Volume; Air moved in one breath

  • Insipiratroy reserve volume: forceful inhalation

  • iExpiratiory reserve volume: forceful exhalation

  • residual volue: Air remaining after exhalation

  • Inspiratory reserve volume: Forceful inhalation

  • Expiratory reserve volume: Forceful exhalation

  • Residual volume: Air remaining after exhalation

Page 33: Practice: Lung Volumes Matching

• Match lung volumes to definitions:

  • Tidal Volume

  • Inspiratory Reserve Volume

  • Expiratory Reserve Volume

  • Residual Volume

Page 34: Normal Breathing Overview

• Factors affecting respiratory rate:

  • Normal resting respiratory rate for adults

  • Location of respiratory control center

  • Stimuli for respiratory rate changes

Page 35: Neural Control of Breathing

• Involvement of inspiratory and expiratory neurons

• Medulla's role in controlling the breathing cycle

Page 36: Gas Exchange: Diffusion

• Mechanism of gas exchange in the lungs and tissues

• Partial pressures of O2 and CO2 at different locations

Page 37: Alveolar Capillary Membrane

• Exchange of gases between blood and alveoli

• Importance of membrane integrity for effective gas exchange

Page 38: Chemical Control of Breathing

• Body's response to increased CO2 levels

• Role of chemoreceptors in respiration regulation

Page 39: Normal Cycle of CO2 Retention

• Effects of increased CO2 levels on respiration

Page 40: Hypoxic Drive with Chronic Elevated PCO2 Levels

• Mechanism of respiratory control in chronic conditions (e.g., emphysema)

Page 41: Transportation of Gases

• Oxygen: 98% bound to hemoglobin, 2% dissolved in plasma

• Carbon Dioxide: 20% bound to hemoglobin, 10% dissolved in plasma, 70% converted to bicarbonate

Page 42: Practice: Respiration Step Matching

• Match steps in respiration with definitions:

  • O2 transport to tissues

  • Nerve impulses travel during respiration

  • Air movement into lungs

  • Gas exchange in tissues and alveoli.