Physical Science - Chapter 6

6A Organic Compounds

Development of Organic Chemistry

• ^^Organic Chemistry^^: the study of the composition, structure, and properties of carbon-containing compounds
• ^^Organic Compound^^: a covalently bonded compound containing carbon

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Molecular Arrangement

• ^^Branched Chain^^: an organic molecule with carbon atoms connected to each other in such a way as to create more than one chain of carbons
• ^^Straight Chain^^: an organic molecule consisting of a single continuous series of any number of carbon atoms bonded to each other
• ^^Ring^^: an organic molecule made by connecting the two ends of a carbon chain

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^^Hydrocarbon^^: an organic compound consisting of only hydrogen and carbon atoms

^^Structural Formula^^: a drawing depicting the composition and arrangement of atoms in a molecule

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Classifying Hydrocarbons

• ^^Saturated Hydrocarbon^^: a hydrocarbon that has only single bonds between its carbon atoms
• ^^Unsaturated Hydrocarbon^^: a hydrocarbon that has at least one double or triple bond between its carbon atoms
• ^^Aromatic Hydrocarbon^^: an unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains at least one benzene structure
• ^^Benzene^^: a six-carbon unsaturated hydrocarbon ring with the electrons from the C-C bonds equally distributed among the carbon atoms. it is the key feature in aromatic hydrocarbons

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^^Isomer^^: any of a group of compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures

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6B Substituted Hydrocarbons

Substitution

^^Substituted Hydrocarbon^^: a hydrocarbon in which at least one of the hydrogen atoms has been replaced with another atom or group of atoms

^^Functional Group^^: an atom or group of atoms that replaces a hydrogen atom to form a substituted hydrocarbon

Substituted Hydrocarbons

• ^^Alcohol^^: a substituted hydrocarbon in which a hydroxyl group (OH) replaces a hydrogen atom
  • Typical Properties: higher boiling points and greater solubility
  • Name: alcohols identified by the -ol ending
• ^^Aldehyde^^: a substituted hydrocarbon in which the replacement by an oxygen atom of a pair of hydrogen atoms at the end of a hydrocarbon chain forms a carbonyl group (C=O)
  • Typical Properties: vary depending on the hydrocarbon to which the carbonyl group is attached
  • Name: aldehydes identified by the al- ending
• ^^Ketone^^: a substituted hydrocarbon in which a pair of hydrogen atoms bonded to a carbon atom other than those at the end of the carbon chain are replaced by an oxygen atom, forming a carbonyl group (C=O)
  • Typical Properties: greater solubility in water than their unsubstituted counterparts
  • Name: ketones identified by the -one ending

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6C Biochemistry

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Polymers

• ^^Polymer^^: a large molecule formed by linking smaller molecules, called monomers.
• ^^Monomer^^: a simple molecule that can link with other monomers to form large molecules called polymers

Macronutrients

• ^^Carbohydrate^^: an organic compound comprised of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms that is the basic energy source for living organisms
• ^^Protein^^: a biochemical polymer made of amino acids. proteins are the building block for muscle, blood, skin, and hair in humans and animals
• ^^Amino Acid^^: a class of organic compounds that serve as the building blocks of proteins
• ^^Lipid^^: organic compounds that provide long-term energy storage in living organisms; includes fats, oils, waxes, and steroids

Nucleic Acids

• ^^Nucleic Acid^^: a biochemical polymer that encodes, stores, and provides instructions for cellular processes
• ^^Nucleotide^^: any of a group of biochemical molecules that act as the monomers to make nucleic acids. each consists of a sugar, a nitrogen base, and a phosphate group

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