Knowt
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Studied by 10 people
[From Knowt] AP World History - Unit 1: The Global Tapestry
Key Terms:
Chapter 1:
Paleolithic Era: The early period of human history, marked by the use of stone tools and hunting-gathering economies, before the development of agriculture.
Pastoral Society: A social organization where people raise livestock and migrate to find pasture, often living in small, mobile groups.
Chiefdom: A political system where a single leader or chief exercises authority over multiple communities or groups, often based on kinship ties.
Patriarchy: A social system in which men hold primary power, and authority is passed through male lineage.
Hinduism: One of the world’s oldest religions, originating in India, characterized by belief in reincarnation, karma, dharma, and a multitude of deities.
Upanishads: Philosophical texts in Hinduism that explore the nature of the self, the universe, and the divine, central to spiritual thought in India.
Siddhartha Gautama: The historical Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, who attained enlightenment and shared teachings to end suffering.
Theravada Buddhism: The "Teaching of the Elders" branch of Buddhism, which emphasizes personal enlightenment and the monastic path.
Mahayan Buddhism: A branch of Buddhism that focuses on universal salvation and the role of bodhisattvas (enlightened beings who assist others).
Bhakti Movement: A devotional movement in Hinduism that emphasizes love and devotion to a personal god, encouraging access to spirituality for all people.
Confucianism: A Chinese philosophy that emphasizes ethics, proper behavior, familial respect, and social harmony.
Han Dynasty: A Chinese imperial dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE), considered a golden age of Chinese culture and governance.
Daoism: A Chinese philosophy and religious tradition that stresses living in harmony with the Tao (the Way), which is the fundamental principle of the universe.
Judaism: One of the oldest monotheistic religions, based on the belief in one God and the teachings of the Hebrew Bible.
Jesus of Nazareth: A Jewish preacher from the 1st century CE, central figure in Christianity, believed by Christians to be the Son of God.
Saint Paul: A Christian apostle who spread Christianity throughout the Roman Empire and wrote many letters in the New Testament.
Muhammad Ibn Abdullah: The founder of Islam, considered by Muslims to be the last prophet of God.
Quran: The holy book of Islam, believed to be the literal word of God as revealed to Muhammad.
Umma: The collective community of Muslims worldwide, bound together by the shared faith in Islam.
Ulama: Scholars and religious leaders in Islam who interpret and teach Islamic law and theology.
Sufism: A mystical and ascetic tradition within Islam, focusing on direct experiences of God through practices like meditation and music.
Silk Roads: A network of trade routes connecting East Asia, Central Asia, and the Mediterranean, facilitating cultural and economic exchange.
Sea Roads: Maritime trade routes connecting regions such as the Indian Ocean, Southeast Asia, Africa, and the Arabian Peninsula.
Sand Roads: Trade routes across the Sahara Desert connecting sub-Saharan Africa to the Mediterranean world and beyond.
Chapter 2:
Song Dynasty: A Chinese dynasty (960–1279) known for its cultural, economic, and technological advancements.
Hangzhou: A city in China, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, known for its beauty and commercial importance.
Foot binding: A practice in China where women's feet were tightly bound to restrict growth, a symbol of beauty and social status.
Hangul: The alphabet created in the 15th century for the Korean language, developed to promote literacy.
Chu Nom: A writing system used in Vietnam, based on Chinese characters, for the Vietnamese language.
Bushido: The code of conduct followed by samurai in feudal Japan, emphasizing loyalty, honor, and martial skills.
Abbasid Caliphate: An Islamic empire (750–1258) that ruled a vast region, with its capital in Baghdad, known for cultural and intellectual achievements.
Seljuk Turkic Empire: A medieval empire founded by Turkic-speaking nomads in the Middle East, influencing Islamic civilization.
Ottoman Empire: A vast empire (14th century–1918) centered in Turkey, ruling much of Southeastern Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa.
Al-Andalus: Muslim-ruled Iberian Peninsula (711–1492), known for cultural and intellectual achievements in science, art, and philosophy.
Byzantine Empire: The eastern continuation of the Roman Empire after the fall of Rome, with its capital at Constantinople.
Constantinople: The capital city of the Byzantine Empire, later renamed Istanbul, known for its strategic location and cultural significance.
Caesaropapism: A political system where the ruler has authority over both the government and the church, seen in the Byzantine Empire.
Eastern Orthodox Christianity: A branch of Christianity that developed in the Byzantine Empire, characterized by its distinct liturgy and theology.
Crusades: A series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims, primarily aimed at reclaiming Jerusalem from Muslim rule.
Kievan Rus: A medieval state in Eastern Europe, centered around the city of Kiev, which is considered a precursor to Russia.
Western Christendom: The Christian community in Western Europe, centered around the Roman Catholic Church.
Roman Catholic Church: The largest Christian denomination, centered in Rome, with the Pope as its spiritual leader.
Maya Civilization: A Mesoamerican civilization known for its advanced writing system, mathematics, and architecture, flourishing in present-day Mexico and Central America.
Aztec Empire: A powerful Mesoamerican empire that ruled in central Mexico, known for its impressive architecture, human sacrifices, and agricultural innovations.
Inca Empire: A vast empire in South America, centered in modern-day Peru, known for its advanced agricultural techniques, road systems, and monumental architecture.
Review of History Within Civilizations
What rises out of collapse of classical civilization and interactions developing between new states
Growth of long-distance trade
Overview of World’s Major Religions in 1200
Most events are connected to religion
Key Points:
Most belief systems still are impacting history
Most major religions have divisions = subgroups and sects (focus more on overall religion)
Understand theological basis of belief systems and impact of belief systems on social, political, cultural, military developments
Origin and spread of belief systems - cultural interactions
Religious Mysticism: adherents within religions focusing on mystical experiences that bring them closer to divine - prayer, meditation
Buddhism
Cultures: India, China, Southeast Asia, Japan
Context:
Founded by Siddhartha Gautama, a young Hindu prince - lived in Nepal from 563-483 BCE, rejected wealth and world possessions and became Buddha (Enlightened One)
No supreme being - 4 Noble Truth: (1) all life is suffering, (2) suffering caused by desire, (3) can be freed of desire, (4) freed of desire following a prescribed path
Death of Buddha (483 BCE) = Buddhism split - Theravada Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism
Theravada Buddhism: meditation, simplicity, nirvana as renunciation of consciousness and self
Mahayana Buddhism: great ritual, spiritual comfort - more complex but with greater spread
Impact: rejects caste system - appealed to those of lower rank
India: reabsorbed in Hinduism
China, Japan, Southeast Asia: Buddhism continued to thrive
Further: spread via trade routes
Christianity
Cultures: started as group of Jews, quickly expanded through Europe, northeastern Africa, Middle East
Context:
Based around Jesus of Nazareth, a figure who claimed to be Messiah the Jews had awaited - teachings of devotion to God and love for others
Jesus was crucified by Roman and Jewish leaders in 30 CE and his followers believe he rose from dead into heaven
Based on Bible teachings
Believe Jesus is the Son of God - forgiveness of sins, everlasting life is achievable through him
World was created by God, but world has fallen from God
Believers should seek God and care for him and others
Impact: compassion, grace through faith appealed to lower classes and women
Became most influential religion in Mediterranean basin by 3rd century
Became official religion of Roman Empire, then branching north and west
Connection with Roman Empire had profound impact on global culture
Confucianism
Cultures: China (400 BCE+)
Context:
Founded by Confucius, educator and political advisor - thoughts and sayings collected in the Analects
Deals with how to restore political and social order, not with philosophical or religious topics
5 fundamental relations build society and make it orderly - (1) ruler and subject, (2) parent and child, (3) husband and wife, (4) older sibling and younger sibling. (5) friend and friend
Impact:
Compatible with other religions, causing it to flourish
Led to distinctive Chinese culture of tight-knit communities
Stayed within Chinese culture
Hinduism
Cultures: India
Context:
Belief in one supreme force called Brahma who created everything - gods are manifestations of Brahma (Vishnu = preserver, Shiva = destroyer)
Goal of believer is to merge with Brahma - believe it takes multiple lives to accomplish and believers live to determine who they will be in their next life
Following the dharma (rules and obligations of your caste) will move you towards Brahma - moksha is highest stake of being (internal peace and release of soul)
No sacred text - Vedas and Upanishads guide Hindus
Impact:
Religion and social caste system, which has prevented global acceptance of religion
Recently, Hindus are rebelling caste system
Spawned Buddhism
Islam
Cultures: caliphates (Islamic kingdoms), North Africa, central Asia, Europe
Context:
7th century - Muslims are the believers
Allah presented words through prophet Muhammad, whose words were recorded in the Qur’an
Salvation is won through submission to God - 5 Pillars of Islam: (1) confession, (2) prayer 5 times a day, (3) charity, (4) fasting during Ramadan, (5) pilgrimage to Mecca
2 groups, Shia and Sunni, who disagreed who should succeed Muhammad
Shia believed only descendants from prophets should lead the caliphate while Sunni believed that the community should select their leader
Impact:
Rapidly spread to Middle East
Judaism
Cultures: Hebrews
Context
God selected a group of holy people who should follow his laws and worship them
Unique relationship with God
World is for them to enjoy, free will - destiny of world is paradise
Hebrew Bible - Torah, miracles, laws, historical chronicles, poetry, prophecies
Impact
First of major monotheistic faiths
Developments in the Middle East
Abbasid Dynasty: Golden Age to Remember
Islamic Empire from 750-1258 CE - early mid-9th century golden age
Capital in Baghdad (modern-day Iraq)
Centre for arts and sciences - mathematics (Nasir al-Din al Tusi), medicine, writings (House of Wisdom library)
Built around trade - used receipt and bill system
Decline of Islamic Caliphates: Internal Rivalries and Mongol Invasions
Challenged by revolt of enslaved Turkish warriors, new Shia dynasty in Iran, Seljuk Turk Sunni group, Persians, Europeans, Byzantines, and most importantly Mongols
Mongols overtook and destroyed Baghdad in 1258
Ottoman Turks would later reunite Egypt, Syria, and Arabia in new Islamic state until 1918
Mamluks: Egyptian group that defeated Mongols in Nazareth, helping preserve Islam in Near East
Developments in Europe
Middle Ages: fall of Rome before Renaissance - complicated time
Eastern Roman Empire became Byzantine Empire
Western Europe: collapsed entirely - Christianity remained strong
Soon after Christianity was adopted, the Roman Empire collapsed which lead to the Middle Ages
European Feudalism: Land Divided
Feudalism: European hierarchy social system of Middle Ages
King: power over whole kingdom
Nobles: had power over sections of kingdom in exchange for loyalty to king and military service
Vassals: lesser lords with sections of Noble land who could divide it further - estates were called fiefs or manors (self-sufficient)
Founded three-field system: 3 fields for fall, spring, and empty one to replenish nutrients
Conflict between lords was regulated with code of chivalry which condemned betrayal and promoted mutual respect
Male dominated: women could not own land and land was passed down to eldest son (primogeniture), their education was limited to domestic skills
Peasants or Serfs: worked the land
Had few rights or freedoms outside of manor
Skilled in trades, which helped them break out of feudal mode as global trade increased - led to middle class emergence of craftsmen and merchants
Emergence of Nation-States
At end of Middle Ages, people began moving from feudal kingdom organization to linguistic and cultural organization - emergence of modern countries
Achievement of statehood in 13th century took different paths
Germany: reigning family of emperorship died out, entering a period of interregnum (time between kings) - merchants and tradespeople became more powerful
England: English nobles rebelled against King John and forced him to sign the Magna Carta - reinstated the nobles, laid foundation for Parliament
Later divided into House of Lords (nobles and clergy - legal issues) and House of Commons (knights and wealth burghers - trade and taxation)
France: in 12th century, England began to occupy many parts of France which spurred revolts - Joan of Arc fought back English out of Orleans
Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453): unified France, leading to England’s withdrawal
Spain: Queen Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon married to unite Spain in a single monarchy and forced all residents to convert to Christianity - Spanish Inquisition
Russia: taken over by Tartars (group of eastern Mongols) under Genghis Kahn in 1242 until Russian prince Ivan III expanded his power in 1400s and became czar - Ivan the Terrible became a ruthless ruler utilizing secret police in 1500s
Developments in Asia
China and Nearby Regions
Song Dynasty (960-1279)
Confucianism justified subordination of women - foot binding: women’s feet bound after birth to keep them small
Neo-Confucianism: Buddhist ideas about soul, filial piety, maintenance of proper roles, loyalty to superiors
Civil Service Exam - Jobs in the Bureaucracy were given based on merit from taking this exam
Ming Dynasty (1368-1644): after brief period of Mongol dominance
Religion: influenced by Nestorianism, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, Islam, and especially Buddhism in two of its forms
Mahayana: peaceful and quiet existence apart from worldly values
Chan or Zen: meditation and appreciation of beauty
Japan
Relatively isolated from external influences outside Asia for many years
Feudal Japan (1192):
Emperor
Shogun (chief general)
Daimyo: owners of larger pieces of land, powerful samurai (like knights)
Followed Code of Bushido code of conduct - loyalty, courage, honour
Lesser samurai (like vassals)
Peasants and artisans
Women had little rights and esteem
India
Delhi Sultanate: Islamic invader kingdom in Delhi
Islam took over Northern India - clash between Islam monotheism and Hinduism polytheism
Islam rulership brought in colleges and farming improvements
Rajput Kingdoms: several Hindu principalities that united to resist Muslim forces from 1191 until eventual takeover in 1527
Southeast Asia
Religion spread and established different states
Khmer Empire (9th-15th century): Hindu Empire in modern day Cambodia, Laos, Thailand
Beliefs were carried through Indian Ocean trade network
Crafted the Angor Wat temple
Developments in Africa
Islamic Empire spread to North Africa in the 7th to 8th centuries - travelled through Sahara Desert and reached the wealthy sub-Saharan
An explosion of trade began
Ethiopia: the only Christian African state, located in East Africa
Hausa Kingdoms: off Niger River, series of state system kingdoms
Islam region, achieved economic stability and religious influence though long trade (salt and leather) - notably city of Kano
Political and economic downturn in 18th century due to internal wars
Developments in Americas
3 great civilization in Central and South America: Maya, Incas, Aztecs
Aztecs: Trade and Sacrifice
Arrived in Mexico in mid 1200s
Tenochtitlan: capital city (modern Mexico City)
Expansionist policy and professional, strict army
Empire of 12 million people with flourishing trade, many of people enslaved
Women were subordinate, but could inherit property
Inca: My Land is Your Land
Andes Mountains in Peru
Expansionist - army, established bureaucracy, unified language, system of roads and tunnels
Many people were peasants
Capital of Cuzco had almost 300000 people in late 1400s
Women were more important and could pass property to their daughters
Polytheistic religion with human sacrifice - Sun god was most important
People were mummified after death
Military was very important
Temple of the Sun and Machu Picchu architecture
The Mayans (textbook does not go into detail)
