True chapter 14 v2

Blood Composition

1. What percentage of blood is plasma and what percentage is formed elements (according to your professor’s wording)?
   → 45% plasma and 55% formed elements.

2. What percentage of plasma is water?
   → 91.5%.

3. What percentage of plasma is solutes?
   → 8.5%.

4. What are the three major plasma proteins?
   → Albumin, globulins, fibrinogen.

5. What is the primary function of albumin?
   → Maintain osmotic pressure in the blood.

6. What is the function of globulins?
   → Immune response (antibodies).

7. What is fibrinogen’s role?
   → It is converted into fibrin during blood clotting.

8. What is the factor number for fibrinogen?
   → Factor I.

Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

9. What is the normal RBC count?
   → About 5.4 million per microliter.

10. What is the shape of a red blood cell?
    → Biconcave disc.

11. Do red blood cells have a nucleus?
    → No, they are anucleate.

12. How long does a red blood cell live?
    → About 120 days.

13. What protein inside RBCs carries oxygen?
    → Hemoglobin.

14. What is hemoglobin called when bound to oxygen?
    → Oxyhemoglobin.

15. What is hemoglobin called when bound to carbon dioxide?
    → Carbaminohemoglobin.

16. What gas do RBCs release that causes vasodilation?
    → Nitric oxide (NO).

17. What effect does nitric oxide have on blood pressure?
    → It lowers blood pressure through vasodilation.

Erythropoiesis

18. What stimulates erythropoiesis?
    → Hypoxia (low oxygen).

19. What hormone is released in response to hypoxia to increase RBC production?
    → Erythropoietin (EPO).

20. What does a reticulocyte count measure?
    → The rate of red blood cell production.

21. What is the normal reticulocyte percentage?
    → 0.5–1.5%.

22. What does hematocrit measure?
    → The percentage of red blood cells in whole blood.

23. A low hematocrit level suggests what condition?
    → Anemia.

RBC Breakdown

24. When RBCs are broken down, hemoglobin separates into what two parts?
    → Globin and heme.

25. What happens to the globin portion?
    → It is broken into amino acids and reused to make proteins.

26. What is the breakdown pathway of heme?
    → Heme → Biliverdin → Bilirubin → Bile.

27. Where is bilirubin stored?
    → In the gallbladder as bile.

White Blood Cells (WBCs)

28. What is the normal WBC count?
    → 5,000–10,000 per mm³.

29. Which WBC is the most abundant?
    → Neutrophils (54–62%).

30. What is the main function of neutrophils?
    → Phagocytosis of bacteria.

31. Which WBC increases during allergic reactions?
    → Eosinophils.

32. What percentage of WBCs are eosinophils?
    → 1–3%.

33. Which WBC releases histamine and heparin?
    → Basophils.

34. What do monocytes become once they enter tissues?
    → Macrophages.

35. What is the function of B lymphocytes?
    → Produce antibodies.

36. What is the function of T lymphocytes?
    → Attack infected or abnormal cells.

37. What process allows WBCs to leave the bloodstream?
    → Diapedesis.

38. What are MHC molecules?
    → Surface proteins that identify self vs. non-self.

Platelets & Clotting

39. What is the normal platelet count?
    → 150,000–400,000 per mm³.

40. What is platelet production called?
    → Thrombopoiesis.

41. What hormone stimulates platelet production?
    → Thrombopoietin.

42. What is the final step of the clotting cascade?
    → Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.

43. What activates the extrinsic pathway?
    → Tissue thromboplastin from damaged tissue.

44. What factor is Hageman factor?
    → Factor XII.

45. What pathway does Factor XII activate?
    → Intrinsic pathway.

46. What is the difference between thrombosis and embolism?
    → Thrombosis is a stationary clot; embolism is a traveling clot.

Blood Tests

47. What does a CBC measure?
    → RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.

48. What does a differential count measure?
    → The percentage of each type of WBC.