Comm 360 Final Exam Study Guide Spring 2023.docx
Introduction to Health Communication
- Health Communication
- Defining Health Communication
- Importance of Health Communication
- Health
- A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
- Multiple interrelated factors influence/affect health
- Issues in Health
- Etiology
- Health promotion and maintenance
- Prevention
- Treatment
- “The system” of healthcare
- Communication
- The process of managing messages for the purpose of creating shared meaning
- Occurs through a “medium”
- Situated within “context”
- Goal oriented activity
- Involves “communicator interdependence”
- Requires sensitivity
- Health Communication
- The field of study is interdisciplinary
- What do we study?
- The way we seek, process and share health information
- The way that communication impacts health
- The way that health impacts communication
- Who engages in health communication?
- Medical models
- Biomedical
- Ill health is a physical phenomenon that can be explained, identified, and treated through physical means
- Benefits?
- Drawbacks?
- Min-body dualism
- Biopsychosocial
- Health involves biology, psychology, and social factors
- Systems theory
- Importance of Health Comm
- How sick are we?
- Epidemiology
- Morbidity (incidence & prevalence)
- Mortality
- What’s wrong with us?
- Who studies these issues?
- Importance of Health Comm
- It is crucial to the success of health care encounters
- It is an important source of personal confidence and coping ability
- It saves time and money
- It helps healthcare orgs operate effectively
- It can help people learn about health and minimize the effects of unhealthy and unrealistic media information
- It can open doors for new career opportunities
- Current issues in Health Comm
- Medical cost-cutting
- Prevention
- Patient empowerment
- Global health needs
- Changing populations
- Technology
- Ethics
History of Health and Medicine
- Ancient Times & The Discovery of Medicine
- Imhotep
- Religio-emperical
- Hippocrates
- Rational/empirical
- Four body humors
- Blood
- Phlegm
- Yellow bile
- Black bile
- Early treatments
- Purging
- bloodletting
- Medieval Religion and Health Care
- Medical spiritualism
- The Catholic Church
- The “soul”
- Treatments
- Barber surgeons
- Prayer
- “God-given” substances
- The Renaissance
- Doubt & The Principle of Verification
- Empirical research
- Cartesian dualism
- Disease vs. illness
- Health Care in the New World
- Effect of the settlers on the New World
- Home remedies & folk care
- Women’s role
- Orthodox Medicine
- Sectarians replaced by orthodox practitioners
- Vaccines
- Sanitation
- Cholera
- Germ theory
- Louis Pasteur
- Sterilization
- Anesthesia
- X-Ray
- Antibiotics
- Genetics, Heredity & DNA
- 20th Century Health Care
- Specialization
- Medicine and free enterprise
- Health insurance
- Cost
- Managed care
- Diverse Types of Health Care
- Nurses
- Hospitalists
- Midlevel providers
- Nurse practitioners
- Physician’s assistants
- Allied health personnel
- Speech pathology, occupational therapy, nutrition, athletic training, pharmacology, radiology, ultrasound, etc.
- Retail Clinics
- CAM
- Alternative
- Complementary
- Increased popularity
- Know the difference between Alternative and Complementary
- Domains
- Alternative medical systems
- Mind-body interventions
- Biologically based therapies
- Manipulative & body-based methods
- Energy therapies
Politics and the Healthcare System
- By Comparison across the world are we good at:
- Keeping people alive & healthy?
- Providing equitable treatment?
- Spending/Cost?
- Interested Parties
- Government
- President
- Congress
- Department of Health & Human Services (HHS)
- CDC
- NIH
- FDA
- Surgeon General
- Others
- Businesses
- Healthcare industry
- All other for-profit businesses
- All other businesses
- Consumers (individuals)
- Money
- Cost of Healthcare
- Waste
- Inequities
- Cost of health insurance
- Medicare & Medicaid
- Reimbursement standards
- The uninsured
- Healthcare Models
- Universal Coverage
- Single-payer
- Multi-payer
- Insurance
- Indemnity insurance (third-party payer)
- Premium
- Deductible
- Catastrophic cap
- Managed Care
- Health Maintenance Organization (HMO)
- Preferred Provider Organization (PPO)
- Point of Service (POS)
- High-Deductible Health Plan (HDHP)
- Health Savings Account (HSA)
- Health Reimbursement Account (HRA)
- Flexible Spending Account (FSA)
- Managed Care
- Advantages
- Predictability
- Affordability*
- Focus on wellness
- Administrative streamlining
- Disadvantages
- Administrative hassles
- Cost
- Profit-driven
- Lack of choice
- Choosing a Healthcare Plan
- Premiums
- Co-pays
- Deductible
- Prescription coverage
- Access to providers
- Coverage/Exclusions
- PCP
- Healthcare Legislation
- Laws are constantly changing
- Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
- ACA also sometimes called Obamacare
- Universal Coverage
- Individual mandate (was repealed)
- Multi-payer model
- Consumer rights
- Resources
- Insurance reform
- ACA
- No lifetime caps
- Can’t deny coverage for pre-existing conditions (for children)
- No reversal of coverage
- No gender differences in cost
- No cost sharing on some services
- More coverage
- Minimum coverage provision
- Tax credits
- Marketplaces
Sexual & Reproductive Health
- Gestation/Fetal Development
- How we calculate gestational age in weeks
- Conception & Contraception
- Sperm + Egg + Hospitable Uterus
- Pills
- Combination
- Progestin only
- Emergency
- Shots
- Patches
- Rings
- Implants
- IUDs
- Barriers
- Other Methods
- How do you define a pregnancy?
- How do you define a baby?
- How do you define a person?
- Hormonal Treatments
- Contraception
- Prevent pregnancy from happening
- Treating Medical Conditions
- Endometriosis
- HRT
- PCOS
- Gender Affirming Care
- Cannot terminate a pregnancy!
- Birth Control Law
- Mandated coverage
- Access
- Need for Rx
- Provider discretion
- Use in minors
- Gender affirming care
- Abortion
- Surgical Abortion
- Medical Abortion
- Mifepristone
- Misoprostol
- Other uses for abortion medication
- Miscarriage
- Cervical ripening
- Postpartum Hemorrhage
- “Late-Term Abortion”
- Abortion & The Law
- Before Roe
- Roe V. Wade
- Other Cases
- State Level Laws
- Dobbs
- 2023
- Where does this leave us today?
- Controversy
- Medical
- Political
- Religious
Public Health and Crisis Communication
- Public Health
- Monitoring the health of a community by collecting and analyzing health data
- Maintaining the health of a community
- The art and science of preventing disease
- Organized community efforts to advance health
- Responding to large scale health needs
- Engaging in health-related social mobilization
- Issues in Public Health
- Communicable diseases
- Environmental issues
- Safety practices
- Exposure to hazardous substances
- Hunger
- Natural disasters
- Violence & Injury
- Terrorism
- Addiction
- Legislation
- Who Works in Public Health?
- Local, state, or federal health departments
- Food Safety Inspectors
- Health Educators
- Policy Analysts
- Epidemiologists
- Researchers
- Communication Specialists
- Non-profit organizations
- American Cancer Society
- The Red Cross
- Private sector
- pharmaceutical companies
- health insurance companies
Risk and Crisis Communication
- Risk communication:
- An exchange of information about the likelihood and consequences of adverse events.
- Helps the public respond to the crisis
- Reduces the likelihood of rumors and misinformation
- (1) Help people who are insufficiently concerned appreciate that a risk exists
- (2) Reassure and calm people who are excessively concerned
- (3) Work with people who are appropriately concerned cope and function effectively
- Risk and Crisis Communication
- Crisis Communication:
- Providing information in times of emergency in order to facilitate the best possible decisions
- Recognizes time constraints
- Recognizes different goals of different parties
- Recognizes the imperfect nature of crisis management
- Case Studies
- Terrorism
- Pandemics
- HPV
- Injury and Violence Protection
- Risk and Crisis Communication
- Managing perceptions
- Managing fear
- Managing time constraints
- Identifying relevant stakeholders
- Crisis and Risk Communication
- Be proactive
- Establish foundations
- Foster relationships
- Understand information needs
- Stay informed
- Know the role of the media
- Understand people’s emotions
- Manage optimism
- Focus on teamwork
- Expect resistance
- Monitor and refine your messages
- Learn from the past
Persuasion & Health Campaigns
- Health Belief Model
- Extended Parallel Processing Model (EPPM)
- Embedded Behaviors Model
- The behavior
- Frequency
- Complexity
- Familiarity
- Novelty
- Links to other behaviors
- Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)
- Importance of Social Norms
- Social Norms Theory
- Theory of Normative Social Behavior (TNSB)
- \
- Descriptive norms
- \
- Injunctive norms
- How much you identify with the group
- How much you value the social approval gained by conforming
- Outcomes you expect from the behavior
- Transtheoretical Model
- Precontemplation
- Contemplation
- Preparation
- Action
- Maintenance
- Change is a process
- Language Expectancy Theory
- Language is compared to expectations
- Language choice
- Speaker characteristics
- Cultural norms
- Message Framing
- The social priorities and the values with which a topic is associated
- Gain Framing
- Loss Framing
- Logical & Emotional Appeals
- Logical appeals
- Novel/Shocking appeals
- Positive affect appeals
- Negative affect appeals
- Guilt
- Fear
- Critical-Cultural Perspective
- Health is a social phenomenon
- There are no “universal” answers
- We must challenge our assumptions
- We need to build:
- Social consciousness
- Collective efficacy
- Community capacity
- Health Promotion Campaigns
- Health Promoting Behaviors
- Health Promoter
- Social Marketing
- Best Practices
- Understand motivating factors
- Go to the audience
- Take action
- Measure your success
- Encourage social support
- Planning a Health Campaign
- Step 1: Defining the situation and potential Benefits
- Evaluate the current situation
- Determine motivations
- Step 2: Analyzing and segmenting the audience
- Audience centered analysis
- Data Collection Methods
- Interviews
- Questionnaires
- Focus groups
- Sampling
- Segmenting the audience
- The “target audience”
- Audience as a person
- Audience profiles
- Age
- Personal fable
- Imaginary audience
- Sensation seekers
- Underinformed audiences
- Step 3: Establishing Campaign Goals and Objectives
- Goals
- Knowledge gap hypothesis
- Accountability
- Step 4: Selecting Channels of Communication
- Channel Characteristics
- Reach
- Specificity
- Impact
- Arousal
- Involvement
- Broadcasting
- Narrowcasting
- Multichannel campaigns
- Diffusion of information
- Step 5: Designing Campaign Messages
- Choosing a voice
- Choosing a source
- Source homophily
- Designing the message
- Selecting a strategy
- Audience expectations
- Step 6: Piloting and implementing the campaign
- Pre-testing
- Targeting gatekeepers
- Getting the message “out there”
- Step 7: Evaluating and Maintaining the campaign
- Evaluation
- Post-test
- Behavior change
- Self-reports
- Maintenance
- Ethical Considerations
- Who should pay for prevention efforts?
- Timing
- Scapegoating
- Stigmatizing
Doctor-Patient Interactions
Medical Socialization
The voice of medicine
Theory of socialization
- Assimilation
- Rewards and Punishments
- Selection
Socialization Processes
- Loss of identity
- Privileged status
- Overwhelming responsibilities
- Withdrawal and resentment
Benefits
Medical School Reform
Professional Influences on Caregivers
- Time constraints
- Effects on patients
- Effects on care
- Loss of Autonomy
- Solutions?
Psychological Influences on Caregivers
- Lack of maturity
- Self-doubt
- Fear of mistakes
- Satisfaction
- Stress and Burnout
- Emotional Exhaustion
- Depersonalization
- Reduced sense of personal accomplishment
- Causes?
- Conflict
- Emotions
- Communication deficits
- Workload
- Other
Patient-Caregiver Interactions
- Importance
- What happens now?
- Physician centered communication
- Physician assertiveness
- Questions and directives
- Blocking
- Patronizing behavior
- Physician transgressions
- Power differences
- Therapeutic privilege
- Solutions and Suggestions
- Collaborative Communication
- Motivational Interviewing
- Cultivating Dialogue
- Nonverbal
- Look interested
- Touch
- Pay attention to nonverbal displays
- Verbal
- Start on a friendly note
- Use open questions
- Don’t rush
- Avoid abrupt topic shifts
- Determine the real issue before the exam
- Listen for distress markers
- Ask for feedback
- Reassure patients
- Treat people as equals
- Coach patients
- Consider using humor
- Environmental restructuring
- Telemedicine
- Advantages
- More communication
- Open communication
- Increased access to care
- Increased access to information
- Cost effective
- Efficient
- Faster
- Disadvantages
- Expensive
- Privacy concerns
- Compensation concerns
- Legal concerns
- Health disparities
- Function as a substitute
- Solutions & Suggestions
- Be assertive about your own care
- Write down concerns
- Rank order them
- Think through the visit
- Prepare for standard questions
- State your goals
- Talk to the nurse
- Get to the point
- Acknowledge any reservations
Patient Socialization
- Ambiguity
- Voice of lifeworld
- Feelings vs. Evidence
Patient characteristics
- Nature of the illness
- Patient disposition
- Communication skills
- Skills training
Patient Satisfaction
- What patients want
- Attentiveness & Respect
- Information
- Is it okay to withhold information?
- Informed consent
- Convenience
- A sense of control
- Genuine warmth and honesty
- Moderation
- Privacy
Cooperation & Consent
- Rates of compliance
- Noncompliance
- Impossible or impractical
- Disagreement
- Denial
- No visible effect
- Side effects
- Lack of effective communication
Effects for patients
Effects for caregivers
Solutions?
- Cash for Consent
- Communication
Diversity
- Health Disparities
- Diversity among patients
- Status
- Gender
- Sexual Orientation
- Race
- Language
- Disabilities
- Age
- Misunderstandings
- Health literacy differences
- Diversity among patients
- Suggestions for caregivers
- Suggestions for patients
- Technology
- Reaching marginalized populations
- Cultural Diversity
- Importance
- Perspectives on health & illness
- Health as Organic
- Health as Harmony
- Social implications of disease
- Fear
- Punishment
- Stigma
- Morality
- Victimization
- Cultural Diversity
- Effect on Health Communication
- Building Cultural competence
