Comm 360 Final Exam Study Guide Spring 2023.docx

Introduction to Health Communication

• Health Communication   * Defining Health Communication   * Importance of Health Communication
• Health   * A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.   * Multiple interrelated factors influence/affect health
• Issues in Health   * Etiology   * Health promotion and maintenance   * Prevention   * Treatment   * “The system” of healthcare
• Communication   * The process of managing messages for the purpose of creating shared meaning   * Occurs through a “medium”   * Situated within “context”   * Goal oriented activity   * Involves “communicator interdependence”   * Requires sensitivity
• Health Communication   * The field of study is interdisciplinary   * What do we study?     * The way we seek, process and share health information     * The way that communication impacts health     * The way that health impacts communication   * Who engages in health communication?
• Medical models   * Biomedical     * Ill health is a physical phenomenon that can be explained, identified, and treated through physical means     * Benefits?     * Drawbacks?       * Min-body dualism   * Biopsychosocial     * Health involves biology, psychology, and social factors     * Systems theory
• Importance of Health Comm   * How sick are we?     * Epidemiology       * Morbidity (incidence & prevalence)       * Mortality   * What’s wrong with us?   * Who studies these issues?
• Importance of Health Comm   * It is crucial to the success of health care encounters   * It is an important source of personal confidence and coping ability   * It saves time and money   * It helps healthcare orgs operate effectively   * It can help people learn about health and minimize the effects of unhealthy and unrealistic media information   * It can open doors for new career opportunities
• Current issues in Health Comm   * Medical cost-cutting   * Prevention   * Patient empowerment   * Global health needs   * Changing populations   * Technology   * Ethics

History of Health and Medicine

• Ancient Times & The Discovery of Medicine   * Imhotep     * Religio-emperical
• Hippocrates   * Rational/empirical   * Four body humors     * Blood     * Phlegm     * Yellow bile     * Black bile   * Early treatments     * Purging     * bloodletting
• Medieval Religion and Health Care   * Medical spiritualism   * The Catholic Church   * The “soul”   * Treatments     * Barber surgeons     * Prayer     * “God-given” substances
• The Renaissance   * Doubt & The Principle of Verification   * Empirical research   * Cartesian dualism     * Disease vs. illness
• Health Care in the New World   * Effect of the settlers on the New World   * Home remedies & folk care   * Women’s role
• Orthodox Medicine   * Sectarians replaced by orthodox practitioners   * Vaccines   * Sanitation     * Cholera   * Germ theory     * Louis Pasteur     * Sterilization   * Anesthesia   * X-Ray   * Antibiotics   * Genetics, Heredity & DNA
• 20th Century Health Care   * Specialization   * Medicine and free enterprise     * Health insurance       * Cost   * Managed care
• Diverse Types of Health Care   * Nurses   * Hospitalists   * Midlevel providers     * Nurse practitioners     * Physician’s assistants   * Allied health personnel     * Speech pathology, occupational therapy, nutrition, athletic training, pharmacology, radiology, ultrasound, etc.   * Retail Clinics
• CAM   * Alternative   * Complementary     * Increased popularity   * Know the difference between Alternative and Complementary   * Domains     * Alternative medical systems     * Mind-body interventions     * Biologically based therapies     * Manipulative & body-based methods     * Energy therapies

Politics and the Healthcare System

• By Comparison across the world are we good at:   * Keeping people alive & healthy?   * Providing equitable treatment?   * Spending/Cost?
• Interested Parties   * Government     * President     * Congress     * Department of Health & Human Services (HHS)       * CDC       * NIH       * FDA       * Surgeon General       * Others   * Businesses     * Healthcare industry     * All other for-profit businesses     * All other businesses   * Consumers (individuals)
• Money   * Cost of Healthcare   * Waste   * Inequities   * Cost of health insurance   * Medicare & Medicaid   * Reimbursement standards   * The uninsured
• Healthcare Models   * Universal Coverage   * Single-payer   * Multi-payer
• Insurance   * Indemnity insurance (third-party payer)     * Premium     * Deductible     * Catastrophic cap   * Managed Care     * Health Maintenance Organization (HMO)     * Preferred Provider Organization (PPO)     * Point of Service (POS)     * High-Deductible Health Plan (HDHP)     * Health Savings Account (HSA)     * Health Reimbursement Account (HRA)     * Flexible Spending Account (FSA)
• Managed Care   * Advantages     * Predictability     * Affordability*     * Focus on wellness     * Administrative streamlining   * Disadvantages     * Administrative hassles     * Cost     * Profit-driven     * Lack of choice
• Choosing a Healthcare Plan   * Premiums   * Co-pays   * Deductible   * Prescription coverage   * Access to providers   * Coverage/Exclusions   * PCP
• Healthcare Legislation   * Laws are constantly changing
• Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act   * ACA also sometimes called Obamacare   * Universal Coverage     * Individual mandate (was repealed)   * Multi-payer model   * Consumer rights   * Resources   * Insurance reform
• ACA   * No lifetime caps   * Can’t deny coverage for pre-existing conditions (for children)   * No reversal of coverage   * No gender differences in cost   * No cost sharing on some services   * More coverage     * Minimum coverage provision   * Tax credits   * Marketplaces

Sexual & Reproductive Health

• Gestation/Fetal Development   * How we calculate gestational age in weeks
• Conception & Contraception   * Sperm + Egg + Hospitable Uterus   * Pills     * Combination     * Progestin only     * Emergency   * Shots   * Patches   * Rings   * Implants   * IUDs   * Barriers   * Other Methods
• How do you define a pregnancy?
• How do you define a baby?
• How do you define a person?
• Hormonal Treatments   * Contraception   * Prevent pregnancy from happening   * Treating Medical Conditions     * Endometriosis     * HRT     * PCOS     * Gender Affirming Care     * Cannot terminate a pregnancy!
• Birth Control Law   * Mandated coverage   * Access   * Need for Rx   * Provider discretion   * Use in minors   * Gender affirming care
• Abortion   * Surgical Abortion   * Medical Abortion   * Mifepristone   * Misoprostol   * Other uses for abortion medication     * Miscarriage     * Cervical ripening     * Postpartum Hemorrhage   * “Late-Term Abortion”   * Abortion & The Law     * Before Roe     * Roe V. Wade     * Other Cases     * State Level Laws     * Dobbs     * 2023       * Where does this leave us today?   * Controversy     * Medical     * Political     * Religious

Public Health and Crisis Communication

• Public Health   * Monitoring the health of a community by collecting and analyzing health data   * Maintaining the health of a community   * The art and science of preventing disease   * Organized community efforts to advance health   * Responding to large scale health needs   * Engaging in health-related social mobilization
• Issues in Public Health   * Communicable diseases   * Environmental issues   * Safety practices   * Exposure to hazardous substances   * Hunger   * Natural disasters   * Violence & Injury   * Terrorism   * Addiction   * Legislation
• Who Works in Public Health?   * Local, state, or federal health departments     * Food Safety Inspectors     * Health Educators     * Policy Analysts     * Epidemiologists     * Researchers     * Communication Specialists   * Non-profit organizations     * American Cancer Society     * The Red Cross   * Private sector     * pharmaceutical companies     * health insurance companies

Risk and Crisis Communication

• Risk communication:   * An exchange of information about the likelihood and consequences of adverse events.   * Helps the public respond to the crisis   * Reduces the likelihood of rumors and misinformation   * (1) Help people who are insufficiently concerned appreciate that a risk exists   * (2) Reassure and calm people who are excessively concerned   * (3) Work with people who are appropriately concerned cope and function effectively
• Risk and Crisis Communication   * Crisis Communication:     * Providing information in times of emergency in order to facilitate the best possible decisions     * Recognizes time constraints     * Recognizes different goals of different parties     * Recognizes the imperfect nature of crisis management
• Case Studies   * Terrorism   * Pandemics   * HPV   * Injury and Violence Protection
• Risk and Crisis Communication   * Managing perceptions   * Managing fear   * Managing time constraints   * Identifying relevant stakeholders
• Crisis and Risk Communication   * Be proactive     * Establish foundations     * Foster relationships   * Understand information needs     * Stay informed     * Know the role of the media     * Understand people’s emotions     * Manage optimism   * Focus on teamwork   * Expect resistance   * Monitor and refine your messages   * Learn from the past

Persuasion & Health Campaigns

• Health Belief Model
• Extended Parallel Processing Model (EPPM)
• Embedded Behaviors Model   * The behavior     * Frequency     * Complexity     * Familiarity     * Novelty     * Links to other behaviors
• Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)
• Importance of Social Norms   * Social Norms Theory   * Theory of Normative Social Behavior (TNSB)     * \              1. Descriptive norms     * \              2. Injunctive norms     * How much you identify with the group     * How much you value the social approval gained by conforming     * Outcomes you expect from the behavior
• Transtheoretical Model   * Precontemplation   * Contemplation   * Preparation   * Action   * Maintenance     * Change is a process
• Language Expectancy Theory   * Language is compared to expectations     * Language choice     * Speaker characteristics     * Cultural norms
• Message Framing   * The social priorities and the values with which a topic is associated     * Gain Framing     * Loss Framing
• Logical & Emotional Appeals   * Logical appeals   * Novel/Shocking appeals   * Positive affect appeals   * Negative affect appeals     * Guilt     * Fear
• Critical-Cultural Perspective   * Health is a social phenomenon   * There are no “universal” answers   * We must challenge our assumptions   * We need to build:     * Social consciousness     * Collective efficacy     * Community capacity
• Health Promotion Campaigns   * Health Promoting Behaviors   * Health Promoter   * Social Marketing     * Best Practices       * Understand motivating factors       * Go to the audience       * Take action       * Measure your success       * Encourage social support
• Planning a Health Campaign   * Step 1: Defining the situation and potential Benefits     * Evaluate the current situation     * Determine motivations   * Step 2: Analyzing and segmenting the audience     * Audience centered analysis       * Data Collection Methods         * Interviews         * Questionnaires         * Focus groups       * Sampling       * Segmenting the audience         * The “target audience”         * Audience as a person       * Audience profiles         * Age         * Personal fable         * Imaginary audience         * Sensation seekers         * Underinformed audiences   * Step 3: Establishing Campaign Goals and Objectives     * Goals     * Knowledge gap hypothesis     * Accountability   * Step 4: Selecting Channels of Communication     * Channel Characteristics       * Reach       * Specificity       * Impact       * Arousal       * Involvement       * Broadcasting       * Narrowcasting       * Multichannel campaigns         * Diffusion of information   * Step 5: Designing Campaign Messages     * Choosing a voice     * Choosing a source       * Source homophily     * Designing the message       * Selecting a strategy       * Audience expectations   * Step 6: Piloting and implementing the campaign     * Pre-testing     * Targeting gatekeepers     * Getting the message “out there”   * Step 7: Evaluating and Maintaining the campaign     * Evaluation       * Post-test       * Behavior change       * Self-reports     * Maintenance
• Ethical Considerations   * Who should pay for prevention efforts?   * Timing   * Scapegoating   * Stigmatizing

Doctor-Patient Interactions

• Medical Socialization
• The voice of medicine
• Theory of socialization   * Assimilation   * Rewards and Punishments   * Selection
• Socialization Processes   * Loss of identity   * Privileged status   * Overwhelming responsibilities   * Withdrawal and resentment
• Benefits
• Medical School Reform
• Professional Influences on Caregivers   * Time constraints     * Effects on patients     * Effects on care   * Loss of Autonomy     * Solutions?

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• Psychological Influences on Caregivers   * Lack of maturity   * Self-doubt     * Fear of mistakes   * Satisfaction   * Stress and Burnout     * Emotional Exhaustion     * Depersonalization     * Reduced sense of personal accomplishment   * Causes?     * Conflict     * Emotions     * Communication deficits     * Workload     * Other
• Patient-Caregiver Interactions   * Importance   * What happens now?     * Physician centered communication       * Physician assertiveness       * Questions and directives       * Blocking       * Patronizing behavior       * Physician transgressions       * Power differences       * Therapeutic privilege   * Solutions and Suggestions     * Collaborative Communication     * Motivational Interviewing     * Cultivating Dialogue     * Nonverbal       * Look interested       * Touch       * Pay attention to nonverbal displays     * Verbal       * Start on a friendly note       * Use open questions       * Don’t rush       * Avoid abrupt topic shifts       * Determine the real issue before the exam       * Listen for distress markers       * Ask for feedback       * Reassure patients       * Treat people as equals       * Coach patients       * Consider using humor     * Environmental restructuring     * Telemedicine       * Advantages         * More communication         * Open communication         * Increased access to care         * Increased access to information         * Cost effective         * Efficient         * Faster       * Disadvantages         * Expensive         * Privacy concerns         * Compensation concerns         * Legal concerns         * Health disparities         * Function as a substitute   * Solutions & Suggestions     * Be assertive about your own care       * Write down concerns       * Rank order them       * Think through the visit       * Prepare for standard questions       * State your goals       * Talk to the nurse       * Get to the point       * Acknowledge any reservations
• Patient Socialization   * Ambiguity   * Voice of lifeworld     * Feelings vs. Evidence
• Patient characteristics   * Nature of the illness   * Patient disposition   * Communication skills   * Skills training
• Patient Satisfaction   * What patients want     * Attentiveness & Respect     * Information       * Is it okay to withhold information?       * Informed consent     * Convenience     * A sense of control     * Genuine warmth and honesty     * Moderation     * Privacy
• Cooperation & Consent   * Rates of compliance   * Noncompliance     * Impossible or impractical     * Disagreement     * Denial     * No visible effect     * Side effects     * Lack of effective communication
• Effects for patients
• Effects for caregivers
• Solutions?   * Cash for Consent   * Communication

Diversity

• Health Disparities
• Diversity among patients   * Status   * Gender   * Sexual Orientation   * Race   * Language   * Disabilities   * Age
• Misunderstandings
• Health literacy differences
• Diversity among patients   * Suggestions for caregivers   * Suggestions for patients   * Technology   * Reaching marginalized populations
• Cultural Diversity   * Importance
• Perspectives on health & illness   * Health as Organic   * Health as Harmony
• Social implications of disease   * Fear   * Punishment   * Stigma   * Morality   * Victimization
• Cultural Diversity   * Effect on Health Communication   * Building Cultural competence