CF2 - NATIONALISM

NATIONALISM

Nationalism is an ideology and movement defined by promoting the interests of a particular nation, in particular with the aim of acquiring and maintaining the nation's sovereignty over its country of origin (Smith, 2010). Nationalism claims that each nation should regulate itself, free from outside intervention, that a nation is a natural and ideal political basis, and that the nation is the only legitimate source of political authority (Finlayson, 2014).

It also aims to build and maintain a single national identity, based on shared social characteristics such as culture, language, religion, politics and belief in a distinctive shared history, and to promote national unity or solidarity (Yack, 2012). Nationalism therefore seeks to preserve and encourage a nation's traditional culture, and cultural revivals have been connected accomplishments and is strongly associated with patriotism (Triandafyllidou, 1998), Nationalism is often paired with other ideologies, for instance conservatism or socialism (Finlayson2014).

Types of Nationalism

Nationalism can be expressed along civil, ethnic, cultural, religious or ideological lines. These self- definitions of countries are used to classify distinct kinds of nationalism, although these categories are not mutually exclusive and many nationalist movements combine to differing degrees some or all of these components.

1. Ethnic Nationalism (Ethnonationalism)

The country is described from prior generations in terms of ethnicity and descent. It also involves the concept of a shared culture among group members, and generally a shared language.

The nation's membership is hereditary. The state derives political legitimacy from its status as the ethnic group's homeland and from its obligation to safeguard the partially domestic group and as a group to promote its family and social life.

In contrast to Western opinions of a country defined by its geographic territory, theorist Anthony D. Smith utilizes the word 'ethnic nationalism' for non- Western notions of nationalism.

The word "ethnonationalism" is usually used only in relation to nationalists who support an explicit ideology along these lines; the more generic word is "ethnic nationalism" and is used by nationalists who hold such views in an informal, instinctive, or unsystematic manner.

The pejorative type of both is "ethnocentric nationalism" or "tribal nationalism," although "tribal nationalism" may have a non-pejorative significance when debating African, Native American or other nationalisms that publicly claim a tribal identity.

2. Civic Nationalism (Civil Nationalism)

The state derives political legitimacy from its citizens active involvement and the extent to which it reflects the "will of the individuals." Civic nationalism lies within the traditions of rationalism and liberalism, but it is contrasted with ethnic nationalism as a type of nationalism.

Civic nation membership is regarded to be voluntary. The growth of representative democracy in nations such as the United States and France was affected by civil-national values.

State nationalism, often coupled with ethnic nationalism, is a version of civic nationalism. It means that the country is a community of those who contribute to the state's maintenance and strength, and that there

is the person to contribute to that objective.

The country is supposed to be a community of those who contribute to the state's maintenance and strength, and where the person exists expressly in the society to contribute to that objective. This often results in fascism - generally characterized by authoritarianism and nationalism, fascism is a political ideology.

3. Expansionist Nationalism

A radical form of imperialism that includes independent, patriotic feelings with a faith in expansionism, generally through military aggression. The word was coined in the late 19th century as European powers indulged in the 'Scramble for Africa 'in the name of domestic glory, but was most closely linked with militarist governments in the 20th century, including Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, the Japanese Empire, and the Balkan nations of Albania (Great Albania). Bulgaria (Greater Bulgaria), Croatia (Greater Croatia), Hungary.

Nations are not believed to be equivalent to their right to self-determination; some countries are believed to possess features or qualities that make them superior to others. Therefore, expansionist nationalism argues the right of the state to expand its boundaries at the cost of its neighbours.

4. Romantic Nationalism

It is otherwise known as organic nationalism and identity nationalism. Is the form of ethnic nationalism in which the state derives political legitimacy as a result and expression of the nation's natural. It is based on the presence of a historical ethnic culture that meets the romantic ideal.

It expressed Romanticism's values and opposed the rationalism of Enlightenment. A historical ethnic culture that meets the Romantic Ideal was emphasized by romantic nationalism; folklore evolved as a romantic nationalist notion.

5. Cultural Nationalism

The country is described by shared culture, not solely civic or ethnic. Chinese nationalism is an instance of cultural nationalism, partially due to China's many national minorities. Membership in the nation is neither completely voluntary nor hereditary.

However, a traditional culture can be more readily integrated into the lives of any person, particularly if the person can obtain his or her abilities at an early point of his or her own lives. (Conversi, 2008). Cultural nationalism has been defined as a variety of non-civil or ethnic nationalism (Nielsen, 1999).

6. Third World Nationalism

Nationalist feelings are the outcome of opposition to colonial rule to survive and maintain a domestic identity.

7. Liberal Nationalism

Is a kind of nationalism lately defended by political philosophers who think that a non-xenophobic form of nationalism compatible with liberal values of liberty, tolerance, equality and individual rights can exist (Tamir, 1993, Kymlicka, 1995, Miller, 1995). It is asserted that in order to lead meaningful, independent life, people need a national identity and those liberal democracies need domestic identity to work correctly.

Liberal nationalists often defend the importance of domestic identity by stating that people need a domestic identity to lead meaningful, independent life (Kymlicka, 1995) and that liberal democratic politics need domestic identity to work correctly (David, 1995, Arash, 2002). Ernest Renan, author of "Qu'est-ce qu'une nation?" and John Stuart Mill are often thought to be early liberal nationalists.

8. Religious Nationalism

Nationalism's connection to a specific religious faith, church, or affiliation. It can be seen that a shared religion contributes to a sense of domestic unity and a mutual bond between the nation's people. This connection can be divided into two dimensions; religion's politicization and religion's converse effects on politics. In the former aspect, it can be seen that a shared religion contributes to a sense of domestic unity; a common bond between the nation's people. The support of a national identity, comparable to a shared ethnicity, language or culture, is another political element of religion. More ideological is the impact of religion on politics, where present interpretations of religious concepts inspire political activism and action; for instance, legislation are enacted to encourage stricter religious adherence (Juergensmeyet.1996).

9. Pan Nationalism

Ethnic or cultural nationalism refers to a country that is itself a cluster of associated ethnic and cultural communities (such as Turkish peoples).

10. Diaspora Nationalism

Diaspora is an ethnic population residing outside their traditional homelands. In this type of nationalism, there is a nationalist sense, e.g. the Irish in the United States, the Jews in the United States and elsewhere, etc

12. Stateless Nationalism

On nationalist basis (e.g. the Catalans and Basques in Spain) an ethnic or cultural minority within a nation-state aims independence.

12. National Conservatism

A political term, mainly used in Europe, to describe a version of conservatism that focuses more on domestic interests than conventional conservatism, whlie not being unduly nationalist or pursuing a far- night agenda.

13. Revolutionary nationalism

Revolutionary nationalism is an ideological theory that calls for a domestic group united by a shared sense of intent and destiny, also known as radical nationalism. it was first ascribed and strongly promulgated by Benito Mussolini to followers of revolutionary syndicalism. In France and Italy at the start of the 20th century, this intellectual synthesis of "radical nationalism and dissident society" was created.

14. Left-Wing Nationalism

Left-wing nationalism, also sometimes referred to as socialist nationalism, relates to any political movement combining left-wing or socialism with nationalism. Notable examples include the 26 July Movement of Fidel Castro, which launched the Cuban Revolution in 1959 to oust the American-backed Fulgencio Batista, Ireland's Sinn Féin, Israel's Labor Zionism and the African National Congress.